Ohio Quick Facts
- Ohio is one of the top 10 natural gas-producing states. Natural gas output in Ohio was about four times greater in 2024 than a decade earlier.
- In 2023, Ohio was the seventh-largest ethanol-producing state in the nation. Ohio's seven ethanol plants have a combined production capacity of about 770 million gallons per year.
- In 2023, Ohio was the ninth-largest coal-consuming state. About eight times more coal is used in Ohio than produced in the state.
- In 2024, Ohio was the nation's seventh-largest electricity producer and had the fourth-largest electricity sales in the nation. Natural gas has fueled the largest share of Ohio's in-state net generation since 2019.
- Ohio is the top oil producer east of the Mississippi River, with state output reaching a record high of almost 37 million barrels in 2024.
Last Updated: November 19, 2025
Data
Last Update: December 18, 2025 | Next Update: January 15, 2026
| Prices | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Petroleum | Ohio | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase | $ 56.09 /barrel | $ 62.23 /barrel | Sep-25 | ||
| Natural Gas | Ohio | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| City Gate | NA | $ 5.11 /thousand cu ft | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Residential | NA | $ 24.56 /thousand cu ft | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Coal | Ohio | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| Average Sales Price | $ 66.00 /short ton | $ 54.04 /short ton | 2023 | ||
| Delivered to Electric Power Sector | $ 2.29 /million Btu | $ 2.40 /million Btu | Sep-25 | ||
| Electricity | Ohio | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| Residential | 17.61 cents/kWh | 18.07 cents/kWh | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Commercial | 12.00 cents/kWh | 14.06 cents/kWh | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Industrial | 8.75 cents/kWh | 9.02 cents/kWh | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Reserves | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reserves | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31) | 348 million barrels | 0.7% | 2022 | find more | |
| Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31) | 32,825 billion cu ft | 4.8% | 2022 | find more | |
| Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids | 481 million barrels | 1.5% | 2022 | find more | |
| Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines | 34 million short tons | 0.3% | 2024 | find more | |
| Rotary Rigs & Wells | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Natural Gas Producing Wells | 27,225 wells | 5.6% | 2020 | find more | |
| Capacity | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1) | 606,600 barrels/calendar day | 3.3% | 2025 | ||
| Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity | 31,378 MW | 2.5% | Sep-25 | ||
| Supply & Distribution | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Total Energy | 3,001 trillion Btu | 2.9% | 2023 | find more | |
| Crude Oil | 146 thousand barrels per day | 1.1% | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Natural Gas - Marketed | 2,174,306 million cu ft | 5.2% | 2024 | find more | |
| Coal | 1,795 thousand short tons | 0.4% | 2024 | find more | |
| Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Total Net Electricity Generation | 12,818 thousand MWh | 3.5% | Sep-25 | ||
| Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total) | Ohio | U.S. Average | Period | ||
| Petroleum-Fired | 0.1 % | 0.2 % | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Natural Gas-Fired | 58.5 % | 45.6 % | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Coal-Fired | 20.4 % | 15.9 % | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Nuclear | 12.0 % | 17.8 % | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Renewables | 7.7 % | 20.1 % | Sep-25 | ||
| Stocks | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines) | 709 thousand barrels | 6.1% | Sep-25 | ||
| Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines) | 2,234 thousand barrels | 2.3% | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Natural Gas in Underground Storage | 515,653 million cu ft | 6.3% | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers | 424 thousand barrels | 2.0% | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers | 3,113 thousand tons | 3.0% | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Fueling Stations | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Motor Gasoline | 3,873 stations | 3.5% | 2023 | ||
| Propane | 80 stations | 3.1% | Nov-25 | ||
| Electric Vehicle Charging Locations | 1,859 stations | 2.4% | Nov-25 | ||
| E85 | 254 stations | 5.8% | Nov-25 | ||
| Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels | 32 stations | 1.2% | Nov-25 | ||
| Consumption & Expenditures | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summary | Ohio | U.S. Rank | Period | ||
| Total Consumption | 3,381 trillion Btu | 8 | 2023 | find more | |
| Total Consumption per Capita | 286 million Btu | 22 | 2023 | find more | |
| Total Expenditures | $ 51,399 million | 7 | 2023 | find more | |
| Total Expenditures per Capita | $ 4,347 | 37 | 2023 | find more | |
| by End-Use Sector | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Consumption | |||||
| » Residential | 764 trillion Btu | 4.2% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Commercial | 623 trillion Btu | 3.8% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Industrial | 1,126 trillion Btu | 3.6% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Transportation | 868 trillion Btu | 3.1% | 2023 | find more | |
| Expenditures | |||||
| » Residential | $ 11,993 million | 3.6% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Commercial | $ 7,106 million | 3.0% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Industrial | $ 9,165 million | 3.8% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Transportation | $ 23,135 million | 3.0% | 2023 | find more | |
| by Source | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Consumption | |||||
| » Petroleum | 199 million barrels | 2.7% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Natural Gas | 1,363 billion cu ft | 4.2% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Coal | 16,160 thousand short tons | 3.8% | 2023 | find more | |
| Expenditures | |||||
| » Petroleum | $ 27,357 million | 3.0% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Natural Gas | $ 8,420 million | 4.2% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Coal | $ 1,591 million | 6.7% | 2023 | find more | |
| Consumption for Electricity Generation | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Petroleum | 19 thousand barrels | 1.2% | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Natural Gas | 53,049 million cu ft | 4.3% | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Coal | 1,112 thousand tons | 3.3% | Sep-25 | find more | |
| Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households) | Ohio | U.S. Average | Period | ||
| Natural Gas | 63.1 % | 46.0 % | 2023 | ||
| Fuel Oil | 1.6 % | 3.7 % | 2023 | ||
| Electricity | 26.5 % | 41.7 % | 2023 | ||
| Propane | 6.0 % | 5.0 % | 2023 | ||
| Other/None | 2.9 % | 3.5 % | 2023 | ||
| Environment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renewable Energy Capacity | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity | 5,398 MW | 1.4% | Sep-25 | ||
| Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity | 770 million gal/year | 4.2% | 2025 | ||
| Renewable Energy Production | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation | 30 thousand MWh | 0.2% | Sep-25 | ||
| Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation | 939 thousand MWh | 1.7% | Sep-25 | ||
| Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation | 24 thousand MWh | 0.6% | Sep-25 | ||
| Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation | 59 thousand MWh | 0.7% | Sep-25 | ||
| Fuel Ethanol Production | 16,384 thousand barrels | 4.4% | 2023 | ||
| Renewable Energy Consumption | Ohio | U.S. Rank | Period | find more | |
| Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total | 4.5 % | 44 | 2023 | ||
| Fuel Ethanol Consumption | 11,402 thousand barrels | 7 | 2023 | ||
| Total Emissions | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Carbon Dioxide | 184.2 million metric tons | 3.8% | 2023 | ||
| Electric Power Industry Emissions | Ohio | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Carbon Dioxide | 63,226 thousand metric tons | 4.1% | 2023 | ||
| Sulfur Dioxide | 59 thousand metric tons | 7.0% | 2023 | ||
| Nitrogen Oxide | 31 thousand metric tons | 2.8% | 2023 | ||
Analysis
Last Updated: November 19, 2025
Overview
Ohio is the only U.S. state that has a nonrectangular state flag, which includes the buckeye, the official state tree.1 The state is highly industrialized with abundant natural resources.2 Named after the river that forms its southern boundary, Ohio is a Great Lakes state bordered on the north by Lake Erie, the fourth-largest Great Lake and the eleventh-largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area.3,4,5 Ports along the state's more than 300 miles of Lake Erie shoreline and on the Ohio River give this Midwestern state access to domestic and international markets.6,7 Coal is shipped by way of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River, and coal and petroleum leave the state's Lake Erie ports and travel through the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system.8 The eastern half of Ohio is occupied by the hills and valleys of the Appalachian Plateau, part of the larger Appalachian Region.9 Ohio's coal resources and most of the state's many natural gas and crude oil fields are also located in that region.10
Western Ohio's rolling plains have some of the most fertile farmland in the United States and mark the beginning of the nation's Corn Belt, which extends westward across the Midwest.11,12 Soybeans and corn are the state's leading crops, and corn is the feedstock for Ohio's fuel ethanol production plants.13,14 Prevailing winds that blow across the state give western Ohio moderate onshore wind resources and the Ohio River provides run-of-the-river hydroelectric resources.15,16
With its large population, heavily industrialized economy, and wide seasonal temperature variations, Ohio is among the top 10 states in total energy consumption.17,18,19,20 However, the state's per capita energy consumption is only slightly above the national average.21 In 2023, Ohio's industrial sector accounted for one-third of the state's total energy consumption.22 Manufacturing—including the production of chemicals; food, beverage, and tobacco products; fabricated metal products; motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers; and machinery—is one of the largest contributors to Ohio's economy. Natural gas, coal, and crude oil production are also energy-intensive industries that are important contributors to the state's economy.23 Ohio ranks seventh in the nation in terms of GDP and population.24 The state has the nation's fourth-largest interstate highway system, and Ohio's transportation sector is the state's second-largest energy consumer. In 2023, that sector accounted for one-fourth of Ohio's energy consumption. With its large population, the state's residential sector used almost as much energy as the transportation sector and accounted for almost one-fourth of Ohio's energy use in 2023. The commercial sector consumed slightly less than one-fifth of the state's energy use.25,26
Natural gas
Ohio accounts for about 5% of U.S. natural gas production and has 5% of the nation’s natural gas reserves.
Ohio is one of the nation's top 10 natural gas producers. The state accounts for about 5% of U.S. natural gas production and has 5% of the nation's natural gas reserves.27,28 Production from shale formations in eastern Ohio, where horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques release natural gas trapped in low permeability reservoirs, has increased the state's natural gas production. Gross withdrawals of natural gas peaked at nearly 2.7 trillion cubic feet in 2019, and almost all of it was from shale gas wells.29,30,31 Although output has declined somewhat in recent years, Ohio produced almost 2.2 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in 2024, about four times more than in 2014.32
Ohio's natural gas production surpassed state demand for the first time in 2015 and has remained above demand since then.33,34 However, the state receives additional natural gas supplies from other states, primarily Pennsylvania and West Virginia, with smaller amounts from Indiana and Kentucky. Because Ohio produces more natural gas than the state consumes, more natural gas leaves Ohio than enters. Most of that natural gas is delivered to Michigan, Indiana, and Kentucky.35 Some of the natural gas that remains in Ohio is injected into underground natural gas storage reservoirs for later use. Ohio has the seventh-largest natural gas storage capacity among the states. Its 24 underground natural gas storage fields have a combined storage capacity of about 575 billion cubic feet, which is 6% of the U.S. total.36,37 Most of the natural gas that is withdrawn from Ohio storage fields occurs between October and April to meet increased demand for heating.38
Despite Ohio being one of the nation's top 10 natural gas-consuming states, per capita natural gas consumption is less than in over one-fourth of the states.39 Natural gas use at Ohio's power plants increased in recent years and was more than three times greater in 2024 than it was a decade earlier.40 The electric power sector has been the state's largest natural gas consumer since 2018. The sector consumed a record amount of natural gas in 2024 and accounted for about 45% of the total natural gas delivered to Ohio consumers. The industrial sector used about 24%, and the residential sector, where nearly two-thirds of households use natural gas for home heating, accounted for 19% of the state's total natural gas deliveries to consumers. Almost all the rest of the natural gas consumed in the state was used in the commercial sector. The transportation sector used a small amount of natural gas as vehicle fuel.41,42
Coal
Ohio has more than 4% of U.S. estimated recoverable coal reserves.43 The state is the nation's 11th-largest producer of bituminous coal, the only type of coal mined in Ohio, and is the 16th-largest coal-producing state overall.44 In 2023, seven of the nine operating mines in Ohio were surface mines and the other two were underground mines.45 Half of the Ohio coal distributed domestically in 2023 was used in the state. Most of the rest was shipped to Kentucky, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, and all of it was sent to electric power generators.46
Coal from Ohio and other states is shipped from the state's ports along Lake Erie and on the Ohio River. Coal is transferred from railcars to ships at several points along the Lake, including ports at Toledo and Lorain, and then sent to ports throughout the Great Lakes region and overseas.47,48 The Cleveland Customs District on Lake Erie handled almost 126,000 short tons of coal in 2024, ranking 14th among U.S. coal export ports.49 Coal is also shipped on the Ohio River from Cincinnati, one of the nation's largest inland coal ports.50
Ohio is among the top 10 coal-consuming states in the nation.
Ohio is among the top 10 coal-consuming states in the nation.51 In 2023, the state used eight times more coal than it mined.52,53 To meet Ohio's needs, coal was brought in from several surrounding states by barge, rail, and truck to supplement Ohio production. Coal arrived primarily from West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. Smaller amounts of coal came from several other states, including from as far away as Montana.54 In 2023, the electric power sector used 79% of the coal consumed in Ohio. Most of the remaining coal went to coking plants for use in the steelmaking process. Other industrial users also received a small amount.55
Petroleum
In 2024, Ohio was the largest oil producer east of the Mississippi River.
Ohio's crude oil reserves are modest, and the state contributes almost 1% of the nation's total crude oil production.56,57 Ohio oil output reached a record high of almost 37 million barrels of crude oil in 2024, up 21% from the prior year. The state is the largest oil producer east of the Mississippi River. 58,59 Advanced drilling technologies, including hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, have enhanced production from low permeability reservoirs such as the Utica shale formation in the eastern half of the state.60
Ohio's four crude oil refineries typically have a combined processing capacity of about 607,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, 3% of the nation's total.61,62 The crude oil processed at the four refineries comes from many different areas, including Canada, the Midcontinent region, North Dakota, the Appalachian Basin, U.S. Gulf Coast, and from Utica Shale production within the state. Collectively, the refineries can process a wide variety of crude oils, from light, sweet crudes to heavy, sour ones. Ohio's refineries deliver their products—including motor gasoline, distillates, aviation fuels, petrochemical feedstocks, asphalt, and other byproducts—by pipeline, truck, and rail to markets throughout the Midwest.63,64,65 Petroleum products also move in and out of Ohio's port facilities on Lake Erie.66
Ohio is among the nation's top 10 petroleum-consuming states. In 2023, the transportation sector accounted for 77% of the petroleum consumed in Ohio, mainly as motor gasoline and diesel fuel.67,68 Although conventional motor gasoline without ethanol can be sold throughout Ohio, most retail gasoline stations in the state sell gasoline blended with at least 10% ethanol.69,70 In February 2024, federal regulators approved the sale of gasoline with up 15% ethanol (E15) throughout the year in Ohio and seven other Midwest states starting in 2025. Previously, E15 gasoline was banned during the summertime due to concerns that it caused smog during hotter summer temperatures.71 Additionally, 268 public access fueling stations in Ohio sell E85, a blend of motor gasoline that contains 85% ethanol.72 The industrial sector is Ohio's second-largest petroleum consumer and accounted for 15% of the state's total petroleum use in 2023. The state's commercial sector used 3%, and the residential sector—where about 7 in 100 Ohio households use petroleum products, mostly propane, for heating—accounted for 3%. Ohio's electric power sector used 1% of the petroleum consumed in the state.73,74
Electricity
Natural gas fuels the largest share of Ohio's total electricity net generation. In 2024, it supplied 59% of the state's power. For decades, coal was the primary fuel for electricity generation in Ohio. However, in 2019, natural gas supplied more of Ohio's in-state electricity net generation than coal for the first time. In recent years, coal's share of Ohio's electricity generation has decreased, as 16 coal-fired power plants have shutdown since 2014. In 2024, coal fueled 21% of the state's net generation, down from about 67% a decade earlier.75,76 Four of Ohio's 10 largest power plants by capacity were coal-fired in 2024, but only 2 out of the 10 largest power plants by generation were coal-fired.77 Increased natural gas-fired generation has offset much of the loss from coal-fired power plant retirements. Ohio's two nuclear power plants, located near Toledo and Cleveland, supplied 13% of the state's net generation in 2024. Renewable energy resources, primarily solar and wind, accounted for most of the rest.78,79
Ohio is the seventh-largest electricity producer and fourth-largest electricity consumer in the nation.
Ohio is the nation's seventh-largest electricity producer and the state has the fourth-largest electricity sales in the nation.80 However, per capita electricity sales in Ohio fall at the mid-point of the states.81 In 2024, the residential sector, where one in four households heat with electricity, accounted for the largest share of electricity sales in Ohio at about 34%. The commercial and industrial sectors each accounted for about 33% of Ohio's electricity consumption. A very small amount of electricity is used in the transportation sector for electric light rail.82,83 Because in-state generation does not meet consumer demand, Ohio typically imports roughly 15% to 25% of the electricity it needs each year from other states by way of the regional grid.84
In September 2025, Ohio had 1,853 public electric vehicle charging locations.85 Charging stations are clustered around the major cities of Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati.86
Renewable energy
Renewable energy resources supplied about 6% of Ohio's total in-state electricity generation in 2024. Total solar power generation from both utility-scale facilities (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale, customer-sited solar panel systems (less than 1 megawatt) accounted for about 56% of the state's renewable electricity.87 Ohio's largest solar photovoltaic (PV) installation to date came online at the end of 2023, when the 577-megawatt Fox Squirrel Solar project began operating.88,89 In 2024, utility-scale solar provided almost eight times as much power as small-scale, customer-sited installations.90
Wind power provided about 35% of the state's renewable generation in 2024.91 Most of the state's wind farms are located in northwestern Ohio, the area with the state's greatest onshore wind potential.92,93 The state's largest wind farm, the 302-megawatt, 152-turbine Blue Creek Wind Farm, is located near the state's northwestern border.94,95 In mid-2025, Ohio had 1,100 megawatts of installed wind generating capacity.96 More wind capacity is planned, with 437 megawatts scheduled to come online by the end of 2026.97
Conventional hydroelectric power and biomass—from wood and wood waste, landfill gas, and other feedstocks—accounted for the rest of Ohio's renewable electricity generation. In 2024, hydropower supplied about 6% of Ohio's total renewable generation.98 The state has five utility-scale hydroelectric power plants.99 In 2024, Ohio's 13 biomass-fueled power plants provided about 4% of the state's total renewable generation. Biomass resources also provide feedstock for three wood pellet manufacturing plants in the state, which can produce a combined 107,500 tons of pellets annually.100,101 Wood pellets are used for electricity generation and space heating.102
Ohio is the nation’s seventh-largest fuel ethanol producer.
Ohio is the nation's seventh-largest fuel ethanol producer.103 The state's seven fuel ethanol plants use corn as a feedstock and can produce 770 million gallons of ethanol per year.104 In 2023, Ohio was the nation's seventh-largest fuel ethanol consumer, with about 479 million gallons.105 Ohio has no biodiesel plants, but 53 million gallons of biodiesel were consumed in the state in 2023.106,107
Ohio has an alternative energy portfolio standard (AEPS) and an energy efficiency portfolio standard (EEPS) for investor-owned utilities and all other retail electricity suppliers except municipal utilities and electric cooperatives. The AEPS set a target of 8.5% renewable-sourced power by 2026.108 Ohio's EEPS requires that utilities put in place energy efficiency programs to reach a 22% cumulative reduction in retail electricity sales by the end of 2027.109 Investor-owned electric utilities are required to offer net metering to customer generators.110,111
Endnotes
1 Ohio Secretary of State, State Flag of Ohio - Since 1902, accessed October 21, 2025.
2 Britannica, Economy of Ohio, updated October 21, 2025.
3 WorldAtlas, Map of Ohio, updated January 22, 2024.
4 Linzinmeir, Taylor, "The Surprising Story Behind How Ohio Got Its Name," iHeart (September 9, 2022).
5 Lake Erie Waterkeeper, Lake Erie Facts, accessed October 21, 2025.
6 U.S. National Park Service, Great Lakes Shoreline Recreation Area Survey, Remaining Opportunities in Ohio, accessed October 21, 2025.
7 The Great Lakes Towing Company, Ports, accessed October 21, 2025.
8 Ohio Department of Transportation, Ohio Maritime Plan, Working Paper 4: Economic Impacts of the Ohio Maritime System, p. vii, 1, accessed October 21, 2025.
9 Garretson, Meredith, Know Ohio: The Appalachian Plateau, ideastream public media (May 9, 2019).
10 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. EIA, Ohio Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Layer List: Coal Mines, Oil Wells, Natural Gas Wells, accessed October 21, 2025.
11 "U.S. High Quality Farmland Map," North America Farm Equipment Magazine (May 8, 2019).
12 GeographyRealm, Geography of Corn in the United States, updated August 30, 2024.
13 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2024 State Agriculture Overview, Ohio.
14 Ethanol Producer Magazine, Ethanol Plant List, accessed October 21, 2024.
15 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Ohio, accessed October 21, 2024.
16 American Municipal Power, Hydroelectric Power, accessed October 21, 2025.
17 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table N1, Population, GDP, and Degree Days, Ranked by States, 2023.
18 North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, Ohio, accessed October 21, 2025.
19 Britannica, Ohio, Economy, Manufacturing, updated October 21, 2025.
20 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2023.
21 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
22 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2023.
23 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Tools, Interactive Data Tables, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, Ohio, All Statistics in Table, Ohio, 2024.
24 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table N1, Population, GDP, and degree days, ranked by state, 2023.
25 Jobs Ohio, A 21st Century Infrastructure to Connect, Transport, and Travel Worldwide, accessed October 21, 2025.
26 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2023.
27 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2023, Table 8, Natural gas, west after lease separation, proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2023.
28 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2018-24.
29 Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Drilling for Natural Gas in the Marcellus and Utica Shales: Environmental Regulatory Basics (January 2014).
30 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Million Cubic Feet, 1967-2024.
31 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals from Shale Gas, Million Cubic Feet, 2007-23.
32 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Million Cubic Feet,1967-2024.
33 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Million Cubic Feet, 1967-2024.
34 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Total Consumption, Million Cubic Feet, 1997-2023.
35 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State (Million Cubic Feet), Ohio, 2018-23.
36 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity (Count), Total Number of Existing Fields, Annual, 2018-23.
37 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity (Million Cubic Feet), Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2018-23.
38 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Underground Storage Withdrawals, Million Cubic Feet, Monthly, 1990-2025.
39 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2023.
40 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Consumers, Million Cubic Feet, 1997-2024.
41 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use (Million Cubic Feet), Ohio, Annual, 2018-24.
42 U.S. Census Bureau, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Ohio, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
43 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2023.
44 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
45 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2023 and 2022.
46 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by: Origin state, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Ohio, Table OS-16, 2023.
47 Norfolk Southern Corp., Our Network of Coal Transload Facilities, accessed October 15, 2025.
48 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Great Lakes Navigation System Project Information Sheets (August 2024), p. 67-78.
49 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2024 (April 2025), Table 13, U.S. Coal Exports by Customs District (short tons), Year to date, 2024.
50 City of Cincinnati, By River, accessed September 17, 2024.
51 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2023.
52 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2023 and 2022.
53 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2023 and 2022.
54 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by: Destination State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Ohio, Table DS-30, Domestic Coal Distribution by Destination State, 2023.
55 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2023 and 2022.
56 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production (Million Barrels), Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2021, Annual.
57 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2019-24.
58 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2019-24.
59 U.S. EIA, Ohio Field Production of Crude Oil, Thousand Barrels, 1981-2024.
60 U.S. EIA, "Improved efficiency is enabling record U.S. Crude oil production from fewer rigs," Today in Energy (December 23, 2024).
61 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries, as of January 1, 2025.
62 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Atmospheric Distillation Operable Capacity (Barrels per Calendar Day), as of January 1, 2025.
63 Cenovus Energy Inc., Upgrading & refining, Lima Refinery and Toledo Refinery, accessed October 17, 2025.
64 PBF Energy Inc., Refineries, Toledo, OH, accessed October 17, 2025.
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66 World Ports Directory, Toledo, accessed October 17, 2025.
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68 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C3, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates, 2023.
69 Southern States Energy Board, U.S. Gasoline Requirements (January 2018).
70 U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
71 "EPA Approves Year-Round Sales of Higher Ethanol Blend for Illinois, 7 Other Midwest States," Associated Press (February 23, 2024).
72 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Advanced Filters, Ohio, Ethanol 85, Public Stations, accessed October 28, 2025.
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74 U.S. Census Bureau, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Ohio, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
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78 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Ohio, updated March 9, 2021.
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Other Resources
Energy-Related Regions and Organizations
- Coal Region: Appalachian
- Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 2
- Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): PJM Interconnection (PJM)
- North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Reliability First Corporation (RFC)
Other Websites
- Ohio Public Utilities Commission
- Ohio Department of Development, Energy Assistance
- Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas Resources
- Ohio Department of Development, Community, Redevelopment, State Energy Program
- Energy Choice Ohio
- Sustainability Institute at Ohio State
- Ohio Air Quality Development Authority
- Ohio Power Siting Board
- U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Ohio
- EIA Ohio Flickr Album
- Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Community Services, An Office of the Administration for Children & Families, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
- USA.Gov, Get help with energy bills
- NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE)
- National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
- National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
- National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
- National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Geospatial Data Science, Data and Tools
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
- Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC)
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Maps
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Energy Flow Charts
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), SLOPE: State and Local Planning for Energy
- EIA Status of U.S. Nuclear Outages
- EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
- EIA Energy Disruptions Maps
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development, Energy Programs
