Data

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Energy Indicators
Demography	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	11.8 million	3.5%		2023
Civilian Labor Force	5.9 million	3.5%		Oct-24
Economy	Ohio	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 872.7 billion	7		2023
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 131,008 million	4		2023
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 60,402	38		2023
Vehicle Miles Traveled	110,578 million miles	7		2022
Land in Farms	13.7 million acres	21		2023
Climate	Ohio	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	53.5 degrees Fahrenheit	25		2023
Precipitation	37.7 inches	25		2023

Prices
Petroleum	Ohio	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	$ 63.04 /barrel	$ 68.70 /barrel		Sep-24
Natural Gas	Ohio	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	$ 4.69 /thousand cu ft	$ 4.23 /thousand cu ft		Sep-24	find more
Residential	$ 39.12 /thousand cu ft	$ 22.74 /thousand cu ft		Sep-24	find more
Coal	Ohio	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	$ 66.00 /short ton	$ 54.04 /short ton		2023
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	$ 2.45 /million Btu	$ 2.42 /million Btu		Sep-24
Electricity	Ohio	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	15.82 cents/kWh	16.83 cents/kWh		Sep-24	find more
Commercial	10.62 cents/kWh	13.47 cents/kWh		Sep-24	find more
Industrial	7.10 cents/kWh	8.51 cents/kWh		Sep-24	find more

Reserves
Reserves	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	348 million barrels	0.7%		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	32,825 billion cu ft	4.8%		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	481 million barrels	1.5%		2022	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	33 million short tons	0.3%		2023	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	27,225 wells	5.6%		2020	find more
Capacity	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	606,600 barrels/calendar day	3.3%		2024
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	29,878 MW	2.5%		Sep-24

Supply & Distribution
Production	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	2,979 trillion Btu	3.0%		2022	find more
Crude Oil	108 thousand barrels per day	0.8%		Sep-24	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	2,219,800 million cu ft	5.4%		2023	find more
Coal	1,947 thousand short tons	0.3%		2023	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	11,905 thousand MWh	3.3%		Sep-24
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	Ohio	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	0.1 %	0.2 %		Sep-24	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	63.6 %	47.2 %		Sep-24	find more
Coal-Fired	16.9 %	15.2 %		Sep-24	find more
Nuclear	12.9 %	17.4 %		Sep-24	find more
Renewables	5.3 %	19.7 %		Sep-24
Stocks	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	571 thousand barrels	5.4%		Sep-24
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	1,998 thousand barrels	2.1%		Sep-24	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	514,726 million cu ft	6.4%		Sep-24	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	451 thousand barrels	2.0%		Sep-24	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	3,512 thousand tons	2.9%		Sep-24	find more
Fueling Stations	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	3,871 stations	3.5%		2022
Propane	84 stations	3.5%		Nov-24
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations	1,698 stations	2.5%		Nov-24
E85	207 stations	4.7%		Nov-24
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels	35 stations	1.2%		Nov-24

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	Ohio	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	3,503 trillion Btu	7		2022	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	298 million Btu	23		2022	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 56,787 million	7		2022	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 4,829	36		2022	find more
by End-Use Sector	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	844 trillion Btu	4.3%		2022	find more
»  Commercial	651 trillion Btu	3.9%		2022	find more
»  Industrial	1,137 trillion Btu	3.7%		2022	find more
»  Transportation	872 trillion Btu	3.2%		2022	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 12,129 million	3.7%		2022	find more
»  Commercial	$ 7,328 million	3.0%		2022	find more
»  Industrial	$ 10,687 million	3.7%		2022	find more
»  Transportation	$ 26,643 million	3.1%		2022	find more
by Source	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	203 million barrels	2.8%		2022	find more
»  Natural Gas	1,336 billion cu ft	4.1%		2022	find more
»  Coal	21,348 thousand short tons	4.1%		2022	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 31,854 million	3.0%		2022	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 11,546 million	4.3%		2022	find more
»  Coal	$ 1,916 million	7.2%		2022	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	23 thousand barrels	1.4%		Sep-24	find more
Natural Gas	52,565 million cu ft	4.2%		Sep-24	find more
Coal	856 thousand tons	2.7%		Sep-24	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	Ohio	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	63.1 %	46.0 %		2023
Fuel Oil	1.6 %	3.7 %		2023
Electricity	26.5 %	41.7 %		2023
Propane	6.0 %	5.0 %		2023
Other/None	2.9 %	3.5 %		2023

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	3,893 MW	1.1%		Sep-24
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	765 million gal/year	4.2%		2024
Renewable Energy Production	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	38 thousand MWh	0.2%		Sep-24
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	567 thousand MWh	1.1%		Sep-24
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	24 thousand MWh	0.6%		Sep-24
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	49 thousand MWh	0.6%		Sep-24
Fuel Ethanol Production	15,658 thousand barrels	4.3%		2022
Renewable Energy Consumption	Ohio	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	4.1 %	44		2022
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	11,100 thousand barrels	6		2022
Total Emissions	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	196.2 million metric tons	4.0%		2022
Electric Power Industry Emissions	Ohio	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	63,226 thousand metric tons	4.1%		2023
Sulfur Dioxide	59 thousand metric tons	7.0%		2023
Nitrogen Oxide	31 thousand metric tons	2.8%		2023

Analysis

Last Updated: October 17, 2024

Overview

Ohio is the only U.S. state that has a nonrectangular state flag, which includes the buckeye, the official state tree.¹ The state is highly industrialized with abundant natural resources.² Named after the river that forms its southern boundary, Ohio is a Great Lakes state bordered on the north by Lake Erie, the fourth-largest Great Lake and the eleventh-largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area.^3,4 Ports along the state's more than 300 miles of Lake Erie shoreline and on the Ohio River give this Midwestern state access to domestic and international markets.^5,6 Coal is shipped by way of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River, and coal and petroleum leave the state's Lake Erie ports and enter into the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system.⁷ The eastern half of Ohio is occupied by the hills and valleys of the Appalachian Plateau, part of the larger Appalachian Region.⁸ Ohio's coal resources and most of the state's many natural gas and crude oil fields are located there.⁹

Western Ohio's rolling plains have some of the most fertile farmland in the United States and mark the beginning of the nation's Corn Belt, which extends westward across the Midwest.^10,11 Soybeans and corn are the state's leading crops, and corn is the feedstock for Ohio's fuel ethanol production plants.^12,13 Prevailing winds that blow across the state provide western Ohio with moderate onshore wind resources, and winds that blow across Lake Erie provide the state with stronger offshore wind energy resources.¹⁴

With its large population, heavily industrialized economy, and wide seasonal temperature variations, Ohio is among the top 10 states in total energy consumption.^15,16,17,18 However, the state's per capita energy consumption is only slightly above the national average.¹⁹ In 2022, Ohio's industrial sector accounted for about one-third of the state's total energy consumption.²⁰ Manufacturing—including the production of chemicals; food, beverage, and tobacco products; fabricated metal products; machinery; and motor vehicles and transportation equipment—is one of the largest contributors to Ohio's economy. Natural gas, coal, and crude oil production are energy-intensive industries that also are important contributors to the state's economy.²¹ Ohio ranks seventh in the nation in terms of GDP.²² The state has the nation's fourth-largest interstate highway system, and Ohio's transportation sector is the state's second-largest energy consumer. In 2022, that sector accounted for one-fourth of Ohio's energy consumption. With its large population, the state's residential sector used almost as much energy as the transportation sector and accounted for almost one-fourth of Ohio's energy use in 2022. The commercial sector consumed less than one-fifth.^23,24

Natural gas

Ohio is one of the nation's top 10 natural gas producers. The state accounts for about 5% of U.S. natural gas production and has 5% of the nation's natural gas reserves.^25,26 Production from shale formations in eastern Ohio, where horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques release natural gas trapped in low permeability reservoirs, has increased the state's natural gas production. Gross withdrawals of natural gas peaked at nearly 2.7 trillion cubic feet in 2019, and almost all of it was from shale gas wells.^27,28,29 Although output has declined somewhat in recent years, Ohio produced almost 2.3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in 2023, about 14 times more than in 2013.³⁰

Ohio's natural gas production surpassed state demand for the first time in 2015.^31,32 However, the state receives additional natural gas supplies from other states, primarily Pennsylvania and West Virginia, with smaller amounts from Indiana and Kentucky. Because Ohio produces more natural gas than the state consumes, more natural gas leaves Ohio than enters. Most of that natural gas is delivered to Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, and Louisiana.³³ Some of the natural gas that remains in Ohio is injected into underground natural gas storage reservoirs for later use. Ohio has the seventh-largest natural gas storage capacity among the states. Its 24 underground natural gas storage fields have a combined storage capacity of about 575 billion cubic feet, which is about 6% of the U.S. total.^34,35 Most of the natural gas that is withdrawn from Ohio storage fields occurs between October and April to meet increased demand for heating.³⁶

Despite Ohio being one of the nation's top 10 natural gas-consuming states, per capita natural gas consumption is less than in one-fourth of the states.³⁷ Natural gas use at Ohio's power plants increased in recent years and was three times greater in 2023 than it was a decade earlier.³⁸ The electric power sector is the state's largest natural gas consumer since 2018. The sector consumed a record amount of natural gas in 2023 and accounted for two-fifths of the total natural gas delivered to Ohio consumers. The industrial sector used about one-fourth, and the residential sector, where nearly two-thirds of households use natural gas for home heating, accounted for almost one-fifth of the state's total natural gas deliveries to consumers. Almost all the rest of the natural gas consumed in the state was used in the commercial sector. The transportation sector used a small amount of natural gas as vehicle fuel.^39,40

Coal

Ohio has more than 4% of U.S. estimated recoverable coal reserves.⁴¹ The state is the nation's 13th-largest producer of bituminous coal, the only type of coal mined in Ohio, and is the 16th-largest coal-producing state overall.⁴² In 2022, 7 of the 10 operating mines in Ohio were surface mines and the other three were underground mines.⁴³ Half of the Ohio coal distributed domestically in 2022 was used in the state. Most of the rest was shipped to Kentucky and West Virginia, and almost all of it was sent to electric power generators.⁴⁴

Coal from Ohio and other states is shipped from the state's ports along Lake Erie and on the Ohio River. Coal is transferred from railcars to ships at several points along the Lake, including ports at Toledo and Lorain, and then sent to ports throughout the Great Lakes region and overseas.^45,46 The Cleveland Customs District on Lake Erie accounted for about 1% of all U.S. coal exports in 2023 and is among the top 10 U.S. export customs districts.⁴⁷ Coal is also shipped on the Ohio River from Cincinnati, one of the nation's largest inland coal ports.⁴⁸

Ohio is among the top 10 coal-consuming states in the nation.⁴⁹ In 2022, the state used about nine times more coal than it mined.^50,51 To meet Ohio's needs, coal was brought in from several surrounding states by barge, rail, and truck to supplement Ohio production. Coal arrived primarily from West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Kentucky. Lesser amounts of coal came from several other states, including from as far away as Colorado and Wyoming.⁵² In 2022, the electric power sector used 85% of the coal consumed in Ohio. Most of the remaining coal went to coking plants for use in the steelmaking process. Other industrial users also received a small amount.⁵³

Petroleum

Ohio's crude oil reserves are modest, and the state contributes almost 1% of the nation's total crude oil production.^54,55 Ohio produced a record high of almost 30 million barrels of crude oil in 2023, exceeding the previous record set in 2019—the production record prior to that was set in 1896. Production increased by 33% in 2023 compared to the prior year, and the state was the largest oil producer east of the Mississippi River. ^56,57 Advanced drilling technologies, including hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, have enhanced production from low permeability reservoirs such as the Utica shale formation in the eastern half of the state.⁵⁸

Ohio's four crude oil refineries typically have a combined processing capacity of 606,600 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, 3% of the nation's total.^59,60 The crude oil processed at the four refineries comes from many different areas, including Canada, the Midcontinent region, North Dakota, the Appalachian Basin, U.S. Gulf Coast, and from Utica Shale production within the state. Collectively, the refineries can process a wide variety of crude oils from light, sweet crudes to heavy, sour ones. Ohio's refineries deliver their products—including motor gasoline, distillates, aviation fuels, petrochemical feedstocks, asphalt, and other byproducts—by pipeline, truck, and rail to markets throughout the Midwest.^61,62,63 Petroleum products also move in and out of Ohio's port facilities on Lake Erie.⁶⁴

Ohio is among the nation's top 10 petroleum-consuming states. In 2022, the transportation sector accounted for 76% of the petroleum consumed in Ohio, mainly as motor gasoline and diesel fuel.^65,66 Although conventional motor gasoline without ethanol can be sold throughout Ohio, most retail gasoline stations in the state sell gasoline blended with at least 10% ethanol.^67,68 Some Ohio fueling stations also sell gasoline blended with 15% ethanol.⁶⁹ Additionally, 204 public access fueling stations in Ohio sell E85, a blend of motor gasoline that contains 85% ethanol.⁷⁰ The industrial sector is Ohio's second-largest petroleum consumer and accounted for about 16% of the state's total petroleum use in 2022. The state's commercial sector used about 4%, and the residential sector—where 6 in 100 Ohio households use petroleum products, mostly propane, for heating—accounted for 3%. Ohio's electric power sector used 1% of the petroleum consumed in the state.^71,72

Electricity

Natural gas fuels the largest share of Ohio's total electricity net generation. In 2023, it supplied 59% of the state's power. For decades, coal was the primary fuel for electricity generation in Ohio. However, in 2019, natural gas supplied more of Ohio's in-state electricity net generation than coal for the first time. In recent years, coal's share of Ohio's electricity generation has decreased. In 2023, coal fueled 24% of the state's net generation, down from 69% in 2013.⁷³ Although 5 of Ohio's 10 largest power plants by capacity were coal-fired in 2022, one of those was retired in 2023.^74,75 Increased natural gas-fired generation has offset much of the loss from coal-fired power plant retirements. Ohio's two nuclear power plants, located near Toledo and Cleveland, supplied 12% of the state's net generation in 2023.⁷⁶ Renewable energy resources, primarily wind, accounted for most of the rest.⁷⁷

Ohio is the nation's eighth-largest electricity producer and the state has the fourth-largest electricity sales in the nation.⁷⁸ However, per capita electricity sales in Ohio are less than in about half of the states.⁷⁹ In 2023, the industrial sector accounted for the largest share of electricity sales in Ohio at about 35%. The residential sector, where almost one in four households heat with electricity, accounted for 34%. The commercial sector made up about 31% of Ohio's electricity consumption. A very small amount of electricity is used in the transportation sector for public rail.^80,81 Because in-state generation does not meet consumer demand, Ohio typically imports between about one-fifth and one-fourth of the electricity it needs each year from other states by way of the regional grid.⁸²

In August 2024, Ohio had about 1,650 public electric vehicle charging locations.⁸³ Charging stations are clustered around the major cities of Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati.⁸⁴ The Ohio Department of Transportation is planning to develop the electric vehicle charging network to fill the gaps along Ohio's interstate system to provide electric vehicle charging locations at least every 50 miles.⁸⁵

Renewable energy

Renewable energy resources supplied 4% of Ohio's total in-state electricity generation in 2023. Wind power provided 53% of the state's renewable generation.⁸⁶ Most of the state's wind farms are located in northwestern Ohio, the area with the state's greatest onshore wind potential.^87,88 The state's largest wind farm, the 302-megawatt, 152-turbine Blue Creek Wind Farm, is located near the state's northwestern border.^89,90 In mid-2024, Ohio had 1,100 megawatts of installed wind generating capacity.⁹¹ More wind capacity is planned, including a 140-megawatt onshore wind project expected to come online in 2026. However, a 20-megawatt offshore wind project located in Lake Erie near Cleveland, was recently halted due to rising costs and loss of funding—if completed, it would be the first offshore wind facility in the Great Lakes.^92,93,94

In 2023, Ohio's total solar power generation from both utility-scale facilities (1 megawatt or larger in capacity) and small-scale, customer-sited solar panel systems (less than 1 megawatt each) accounted for 32% of the state's renewable electricity. It was the second largest after wind, supplying a larger amount than biomass since 2021.⁹⁵ Ohio's largest solar photovoltaic (PV) installation to date came online at the end of 2023, when the 577-megawatt Fox Squirrel Solar project began operations.^96,97 In 2023, utility-scale solar provided more than three times as much power as small-scale, customer-sited installations.⁹⁸

Conventional hydroelectric power and biomass, from wood and wood waste, landfill gas, and other feedstocks, accounted for the rest of Ohio's renewable electricity generation.⁹⁹ In 2023, hydropower supplied 9% of Ohio's total renewable generation.¹⁰⁰ The state has five utility-scale hydroelectric power plants, and six new plants are scheduled to come online by 2028.¹⁰¹ In 2023, Ohio's 12 biomass-fueled power plants provided 6% of the state's total renewable generation. Biomass resources also provide feedstock for three wood pellet manufacturing plants in the state, which can produce a combined 107,500 tons of pellets annually. ^102,103 Wood pellets are used for electricity generation and space heating.¹⁰⁴

Ohio is the nation's seventh-largest fuel ethanol producer.¹⁰⁵ The state's seven fuel ethanol plants use corn as a feedstock and can produce 765 million gallons of ethanol per year.¹⁰⁶ In 2022, Ohio was the nation's sixth-largest fuel ethanol consumer, with about 466 million gallons.¹⁰⁷ Ohio had two biodiesel plants, but one was converted to a renewable diesel pretreatment facility in 2023 and the other plant was shut down in March 2024.^108,109,110 However, 48 million gallons of biodiesel was consumed in Ohio in 2022.¹¹¹

Ohio has an alternative energy portfolio standard (AEPS) and an energy efficiency portfolio standard (EEPS) for investor-owned utilities and all other retail electricity suppliers except municipal utilities and electric cooperatives. The AEPS set a target of 8.5% renewable-sourced power by 2026, including a solar carve-out of 0.5%.¹¹² Ohio's EEPS requires that utilities put in place energy efficiency programs to reach a 22% cumulative reduction in retail electricity sales by the end of 2027.¹¹³ Investor-owned electric utilities are required to offer net metering to customer generators.¹¹⁴

Endnotes

¹ Ohio Secretary of State, State Flag of Ohio - Since 1902, accessed September 13, 2024.
² NETSTATE, Ohio, The State of Ohio, updated July 28, 2017.
³ Linzinmeir, Taylor, "The Surprising Story Behind How Ohio Got Its Name," iHeart (September 9, 2022).
⁴ Lake Erie Waterkeeper, Lake Erie Facts, accessed September 13, 2024.
⁵ U.S. National Park Service, Great Lakes Shoreline Recreation Area Survey, Remaining Opportunities in Ohio, accessed September 13, 2024.
⁶ Port of Cleveland, About, accessed September 13, 2024.
⁷ Ohio Department of Transportation, Ohio Maritime Plan, Working Paper 4: Economic Impacts of the Ohio Maritime System, p. vii, 1, accessed September 13, 2024.
⁸ Garretson, Meredith, Know Ohio: The Appalachian Plateau, ideastream public media (May 9, 2019).
⁹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Ohio, Coal Mines, Oil Wells Generalized, and Natural Gas Wells Generalized, accessed September 13, 2024.
¹⁰ "U.S. High Quality Farmland Map," North America Farm Equipment Magazine (May 8, 2019).
¹¹ GeographyRealm, Geography of Corn in the United States, updated November 5, 2021.
¹² U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2023 State Agriculture Overview, Ohio.
¹³ Ethanol Producer Magazine, Ethanol Plant List, accessed September 27, 2024.
¹⁴ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Ohio, accessed September 13, 2024.
¹⁵ U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023.
¹⁶ NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, Ohio, accessed September 13, 2024.
¹⁷ Britannica, Ohio, Economy, Manufacturing, accessed September 13, 2024.
¹⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
¹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
²⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F33, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
²¹ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Tools, Interactive Data Tables, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, Ohio, All Statistics in Table, Ohio, 2022.
²² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
²³ Jobs Ohio, A 21st Century Infrastructure to Connect, Transport, and Travel Worldwide, accessed September 13, 2024.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F33, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
²⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Dry Natural Gas, Annual, 2016-21.
²⁶ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2018-23.
²⁷ Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Drilling for Natural Gas in the Marcellus and Utica Shales: Environmental Regulatory Basics (January 2014).
²⁸ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Million Cubic Feet, Annual, 1967-2023.
²⁹ U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals from Shale Gas, 2007-23.
³⁰ U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2023.
³¹ U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2023.
³² U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Total Consumption, 1997-2023.
³³ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Ohio, 2018-23.
³⁴ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, 2018-23.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, 2018-23.
³⁶ U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Underground Storage Withdrawals, Monthly, 1990-2024.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
³⁸ U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Consumers, 1997-2023.
³⁹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Ohio, Annual, 2018-23.
⁴⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Ohio.
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022.
⁴² U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2022.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021.
⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, Ohio, Table OS-17, 2022.
⁴⁵ Norfolk Southern Corp., Our Network of Coal Transload Facilities, accessed September 17, 2024.
⁴⁶ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Great Lakes Navigation System Project Information Sheets (August 2024), p. 67-78.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2023 (April 2024), Table 13, U.S. Coal Exports by Customs District, Year to date, 2023.
⁴⁸ City of Cincinnati, By River, accessed September 17, 2024.
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2022.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2022 and 2021.
⁵¹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 3, 2023), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021.
⁵² U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Ohio, Table DS-31, Domestic Coal Distribution by Destination State, 2022.
⁵³ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2022 and 2021.
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production (Million Barrels), Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2021, Annual.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2018-23.
⁵⁶ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2018-23.
⁵⁷ U.S. EIA, Ohio Field Production of Crude Oil, Thousand Barrels, 1981-2023.
⁵⁸ Cocklin, Jamison, "Estimates Show Ohio Oil Production Shattered 19th Century Record Last Year," Natural Gas Intelligence (March 18, 2020).
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries, as of January 1, 2024.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Atmospheric Distillation Operable Capacity (Barrels per Calendar Day), as of January 1, 2024.
⁶¹ Cenovus Energy, Upgrading & refining, Lima Refinery and Toledo Refinery, accessed September 23, 2024.
⁶² PBF Energy, Refineries, Toledo, OH, accessed September 23, 2024.
⁶³ Marathon Petroleum, Canton Refinery, accessed September 23, 2024.
⁶⁴ World Ports Directory, Toledo, accessed September 23, 2024.
⁶⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁶⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C3, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁶⁷ Southern States Energy Board, U.S. Gasoline Requirements, updated January 2018.
⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
⁶⁹ U.S. EIA, "New EPA ruling expands sale of 15% ethanol blended motor gasoline," Today in Energy (July 16, 2019).
⁷⁰ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Advanced Filters, Ohio, Ethanol 85, Public Stations, accessed September 23, 2024.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁷² U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Ohio.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Fuel Type (Check All), Annual, 2001-23.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Ohio Electricity Profile 2022, Tables 2A, 2B.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Ohio, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
⁷⁶ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Ohio, updated March 9, 2021.
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Fuel Type (Check All), Annual, 2001-23.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 1.3.B, 5.4.B.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
⁸⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Ohio.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Ohio, End-Use Sector (Check all), Annual, 2023.
⁸² U.S. EIA, Ohio Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10, Supply and Disposition of Electricity, 1990 through 2022.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (September 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public ports only, Pubic & private ports.
⁸⁴ U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Finder, Ohio, accessed September 27, 2024.
⁸⁵ Ohio Department of Transportation, National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Formula Program (NEVI), accessed September 27, 2024.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, All utility-scale solar, Geothermal, Biomass, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: Ohio, Wind Power Plants, accessed September 18, 2024.
⁸⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Ohio, Maps & Data, accessed September 18, 2024.
⁸⁹ Power Technology, Blue Creek Wind Farm, Ohio, accessed September 18, 2024.
⁹⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Ohio, Technology: Wind.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (June 2024), Table 6.2.B.
⁹²U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Ohio, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine, Offshore Wind Turbine.
⁹³ U.S. EIA, "Cancellations reduce expected U.S. capacity of offshore wind facilities," Today in Energy (July 9, 2024).
⁹⁴ Green Energy Ohio, Icebreaker Wind Project, accessed September 27, 2024.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Biomass (total), All solar, All utility-scale solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-23.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Ohio, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
⁹⁷ EDF Renewables, Inc., Fox Squirrel Solar, accessed September 18, 2024.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass (total), All solar, All utility-scale solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-23.
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass (total), All solar, Annual, 2023.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass (total), All solar, All utility-scale solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-23.
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators and Planned Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Ohio, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
¹⁰² U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Ohio, Technology: Landfill Gas, Other Gases, Other Waste Biomass, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass.
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, June 2024.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. EIA, Glossary, Densified biomass fuel, accessed September 18, 2024.
¹⁰⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁰⁶ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
¹⁰⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2022.
¹⁰⁸ Marathon Petroleum Corporation, Renewable Fuels, Renewable Fuel Portfolio, accessed September 19, 2024.
¹⁰⁹ "Chevron Indefinitely Closes Two U.S. Midwest Biodiesel Plants as Profits Slip," Pipeline & Gas Journal (March 3, 2024).
¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, Petroleum & Other Liquids, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Count by State, 2024.
¹¹¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
¹¹² NC Clean Technology Center, DSIRE, Ohio Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard, updated November 7, 2023.
¹¹³ NC Clean Technology Center, DSIRE, Ohio Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard, updated October 6, 2016.
¹¹⁴ NC Clean Technology Center, DSIRE, Ohio Net Metering, updated March 7, 2024.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Coal Region: Appalachian
• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 2
• Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): PJM Interconnection (PJM)
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Reliability First Corporation (RFC)

Other Websites

• Ohio Public Utilities Commission
• Ohio Department of Development, Energy Assistance
• Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas Resources
• Ohio Department of Development, Community, Redevelopment, Energy Efficiency Program
• Energy Choice Ohio
• Sustainability Institute at Ohio State
• Ohio Air Quality Development Authority
• U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Ohio
• EIA Ohio Flickr Album
• Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Community Services, An Office of the Administration for Children & Families, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• USA.Gov, Get help with energy bills
• NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC)
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Maps
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), SLOPE: State and Local Planning for Energy
• EIA Status of U.S. Nuclear Outages
• EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
• EIA Energy Disruptions Maps
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development, Energy Programs