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Energy Indicators
Demography	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	11.0 million	3.3%		2023
Civilian Labor Force	5.4 million	3.2%		Feb-24
Economy	Georgia	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 755.7 billion	8		2022
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 73,810 million	10		2022
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 57,129	38		2022
Vehicle Miles Traveled	128,871 million miles	4		2022
Land in Farms	10.0 million acres	28		2023
Climate	Georgia	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	65.6 degrees Fahrenheit	5		2023
Precipitation	51.6 inches	9		2023

Prices
Petroleum	Georgia	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	--	$ 72.26 /barrel		Jan-24
Natural Gas	Georgia	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	NA	$ 4.76 /thousand cu ft		Jan-24	find more
Residential	$ 13.20 /thousand cu ft	$ 11.82 /thousand cu ft		Jan-24	find more
Coal	Georgia	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	--	$ 54.46 /short ton		2022
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	$ 4.02 /million Btu	$ 2.48 /million Btu		Jan-24
Electricity	Georgia	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	12.34 cents/kWh	15.45 cents/kWh		Jan-24	find more
Commercial	11.96 cents/kWh	12.68 cents/kWh		Jan-24	find more
Industrial	8.00 cents/kWh	8.10 cents/kWh		Jan-24	find more

Reserves
Reserves	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	--	--		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	--	--		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	--	--		2021	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	--	--		2022	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	--	--		2020	find more
Capacity	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	0 barrels/calendar day	0.0%		2023
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	37,771 MW	3.2%		Jan-24

Supply & Distribution
Production	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	671 trillion Btu	0.7%		2021	find more
Crude Oil	--	--		Jan-24	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	--	--		2022	find more
Coal	--	--		2022	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	12,590 thousand MWh	3.3%		Jan-24
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	Georgia	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	0.4 %	0.4 %		Jan-24	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	43.4 %	42.2 %		Jan-24	find more
Coal-Fired	16.5 %	19.9 %		Jan-24	find more
Nuclear	29.2 %	18.2 %		Jan-24	find more
Renewables	11.0 %	18.8 %		Jan-24
Stocks	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	91 thousand barrels	0.8%		Jan-24
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	1,534 thousand barrels	1.6%		Jan-24	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	--	--		Jan-24	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	1,199 thousand barrels	5.4%		Jan-24	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	W	W		Jan-24	find more
Fueling Stations	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	5,081 stations	4.6%		2021
Propane	75 stations	3.1%		Mar-24
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations	1,894 stations	3.1%		Mar-24
E85	66 stations	1.5%		Mar-24
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels	22 stations	0.8%		Mar-24

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	Georgia	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	2,836 trillion Btu	9		2021	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	263 million Btu	32		2021	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 38,650 million	8		2021	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 3,583	37		2021	find more
by End-Use Sector	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	704 trillion Btu	3.4%		2021	find more
»  Commercial	519 trillion Btu	3.0%		2021	find more
»  Industrial	753 trillion Btu	2.3%		2021	find more
»  Transportation	861 trillion Btu	3.2%		2021	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 9,604 million	3.4%		2021	find more
»  Commercial	$ 5,808 million	2.9%		2021	find more
»  Industrial	$ 4,955 million	2.1%		2021	find more
»  Transportation	$ 18,284 million	3.0%		2021	find more
by Source	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	183 million barrels	2.5%		2021	find more
»  Natural Gas	790 billion cu ft	2.4%		2022	find more
»  Coal	9,119 thousand short tons	1.8%		2022	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 20,461 million	2.7%		2021	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 8,013 million	3.0%		2022	find more
»  Coal	$ 728 million	2.7%		2022	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	55 thousand barrels	2.0%		Jan-24	find more
Natural Gas	38,988 million cu ft	3.4%		Jan-24	find more
Coal	1,087 thousand tons	2.6%		Jan-24	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	Georgia	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	37.3 %	46.2 %		2022
Fuel Oil	0.2 %	3.9 %		2022
Electricity	56.7 %	41.3 %		2022
Propane	4.3 %	5.0 %		2022
Other/None	1.4 %	3.5 %		2022

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	7,104 MW	2.1%		Jan-24
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	0 million gal/year	0.0%		2023
Renewable Energy Production	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	435 thousand MWh	2.0%		Jan-24
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	505 thousand MWh	1.1%		Jan-24
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	439 thousand MWh	10.6%		Jan-24
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	37 thousand MWh	0.8%		Jan-24
Fuel Ethanol Production	0 thousand barrels	0.0%		2021
Renewable Energy Consumption	Georgia	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	11.7 %	24		2021
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	11,168 thousand barrels	7		2021
Total Emissions	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	124.1 million metric tons	2.5%		2021
Electric Power Industry Emissions	Georgia	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	43,772 thousand metric tons	2.7%		2022
Sulfur Dioxide	42 thousand metric tons	3.9%		2022
Nitrogen Oxide	36 thousand metric tons	2.9%		2022

Analysis

Last Updated: February 15, 2024

Overview

Georgia has the largest land area of any state east of the Mississippi River. Located on the Atlantic coast at the southern end of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Appalachians, elevations in northwestern Georgia rise to almost 5,000 feet. Between the mountains and the ocean are the rolling hills of the Piedmont region and Georgia's broad Atlantic and East Gulf coastal plains.¹ Despite its location near the Appalachian coalfields and oil and natural gas basins, Georgia does not have any significant fossil fuel reserves.² Nuclear power supplies more than half of the primary energy produced in Georgia, and the rest comes from renewable resources, specifically biomass, solar energy, and hydropower.³ Two-thirds of the state is forested and Georgia leads the nation in commercial timberland.^4,5 The state has many wood processing mills, wood-fueled power plants, and wood pellet manufacturers.^6,7 Although most of Georgia's natural lakes are in the southern part of the state, the larger, man-made lakes and reservoirs that provide hydroelectric power are concentrated in the river valleys of northern Georgia.⁸ The state's solar potential is among the highest in the Southeast.^9,10 Although Georgia has little onshore wind energy potential, there are large areas with substantial wind energy resources in the Atlantic Ocean off the state's coastline.¹¹

Georgia ranks among the top 10 states in the nation in total energy consumption, but with its large population (eighth-highest in the nation) and mild climate, the state's per capita energy consumption is less than in three-fifths of the states.^12,13,14 The transportation sector accounts for the largest share of Georgia's total energy consumption at three-tenths.¹⁵ Major interstate highways and Atlanta's international airport, the world's busiest passenger airport, helped make Georgia seventh among the states in total transportation sector energy consumption in 2021.¹⁶ The industrial sector accounts for the second-largest share of state energy use at more than one-fourth, followed closely by the residential sector, which accounts for one-fourth of Georgia's energy consumption.¹⁷ The state has several energy-intensive industries, including the manufacture of food, beverage, and tobacco products, chemicals, and paper.^18,19 With Georgia's warm and humid climate, air conditioning is widely used, and the residential sector's per capita energy consumption is above the national average.^20,21,22

Electricity

Natural gas and nuclear power fuel about three-fourths of Georgia's total in-state electricity net generation. The share of generation fueled by natural gas in 2022 was two and a half times what it was in 2010, and it now accounts for almost half of the state's net generation.²³ In 2022, Georgia was among the top 10 nuclear power-producing states.²⁴ The state had two nuclear power plants that typically provided about one-fourth of the state's net generation between 2001 and 2022.²⁵ Each of those power plants had two operating reactors until 2023. However, the existing Vogtle nuclear plant in Waynesboro, Georgia, added a third reactor in mid-2023. A fourth reactor is under construction at the power plant and is scheduled to begin operations in 2024.²⁶ The two new reactors will almost double the plant's generating capacity and will make Vogtle the nation's largest nuclear power plant.^27,28

Coal and renewable resources provide almost all the rest of Georgia's electricity generation. Coal-fired power plants fueled more than half of Georgia's in-state electricity generation through 2010, but coal's contribution declined with the retirement of more than 6,600 megawatts of the state's coal-fired capacity. In 2022, coal fueled about 13% of Georgia's total in-state generation. However, two more coal-fired power plants retired in 2022.²⁹ Renewable resources—particularly solar energy, biomass, and hydroelectric power—also provided about 13% of the state's net generation. Small amounts of petroleum liquids and petroleum coke as well as a few multifuel generators supplied the rest of Georgia's power.³⁰

Although Georgia is among the top 10 electricity-producing states, it typically uses more power than it generates. During the past decade, Georgia acquired, on average, about one-sixth of the electricity it consumed each year from other states.^31,32 In 2022, Georgia's residential sector, where nearly three in five households use electricity for heating and almost all homes have air conditioning, accounted for 42% of the state's electricity sales.^33,34 The commercial sector consumed 34% of the state's electricity and the industrial sector used 24%. The transportation sector used a small amount of the state's electricity for rail service.³⁵ Additionally, Georgia ranked ninth in the nation in the number of registered electric vehicles in 2022 and had about 1,800 electric vehicle charging stations at the end of 2023.^36,37

Renewable energy

In 2022, renewable resources accounted for 13% of Georgia's total in-state electricity generation and solar energy surpassed biomass to provide the largest share of the state's renewable generation for the first time. In 2022, solar energy accounted for almost half of Georgia's total in-state renewable electricity generation, and it supplied about 6% of the state's total net generation. Almost all of it was from utility-scale facilities with greater than 1 megawatt of capacity.³⁸ At the end of 2023, Georgia had more than 4,100 megawatts of utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) generating capacity.³⁹ The 12 largest solar facilities in the state each have capacities of 100 megawatts or more, and the 4 largest have come online since the beginning of 2020.⁴⁰ The state has some small-scale, customer-sited solar PV installations that have capacities of less than 1 megawatt, such as roof-top panels, but only 5% of the state's solar generation comes from small-scale generators. However, Georgia's total electricity generation from utility-scale and small-scale solar PV nearly tripled between 2019 and 2022.⁴¹

In 2022, biomass, primarily wood and wood-derived fuels, was the second-largest source of Georgia's renewable generation, down from being first for more than a decade. Biomass accounts for more than one-third of the state's renewable generation and about 5% of Georgia's total generation.⁴² The state leads the nation in the use of wood and wood-derived fuels for electricity generation and in the amount of generation from all biomass resources combined.^43,44 About 22 million acres of Georgia's 24 million acres of forest are available for commercial use, and there are many wood product manufacturing plants in the state. Georgia has 6 wood pellet manufacturing plants, including the nation's largest with a capacity of 826,733 tons per year. Georgia's combined wood pellet production capacity is more than 1.8 million tons per year.^45,46 The state is also one of the nation's top wood pellet exporters. Most of the wood pellet exports go to Europe where they are used as fuel for electricity generation.^47,48

With 14 river basins and thousands of dams, Georgia has abundant hydroelectric power resources.^49,50 The state has 29 conventional hydroelectric power plants and 4 hydroelectric pumped-storage facilities.⁵¹ In 2022, about one-fifth of Georgia's electricity generation from renewable resources came from conventional hydroelectric power.⁵² The state was the sixth-largest hydroelectric power producer east of the Mississippi River and the 14th-largest producer of hydroelectricity in the nation.⁵³ Georgia's hydroelectric pumped-storage facilities supplement state power in periods of high electricity demand. During periods of low demand for electricity, water is pumped from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir using relatively inexpensive power. The water is released from the upper reservoir in periods of high demand, generating electricity as the water flows back through turbines on its way to the lower reservoir. Although pumped storage facilities use more power than they generate, they can supply power in periods of peak demand when it is needed.⁵⁴

Georgia has no utility-scale wind-powered electricity generation.⁵⁵ The state has limited onshore wind energy potential, all of it in small areas on the mountain ridges along the state's northern border and in a narrow strip along the state's 100-mile Atlantic coastline. However, Georgia has additional wind resource potential offshore in the Atlantic Ocean.^56,57

Georgia has one biodiesel plant that has a production capacity of about 2 million gallons per year.⁵⁸ In 2021, the state's biodiesel consumption was about 17 million gallons.⁵⁹ Georgia also consumed more than 469 million gallons of fuel ethanol in 2021.⁶⁰ Most motor gasoline sold in the United States is blended with at least 10% ethanol.⁶¹ Georgia's only fuel ethanol plant closed in mid-2020 after it was idled because of decreased demand as a result of the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.⁶² The plant produced about 50 million gallons of fuel ethanol annually before it closed.⁶³ However, a new plant, with a capacity of 9 million gallons of fuel ethanol per year, is under construction in eastern Georgia.⁶⁴

Georgia does not have a renewable energy portfolio standard, nor does it have a voluntary renewable energy target. However, several utilities in the state offer financial incentives that promote energy efficiency, renewable generation, and electric vehicle use. State policies include electric vehicle tax incentives, as well as energy standards for public buildings, interconnection guidelines, and solar easement regulations.⁶⁵ Georgia allowed, but did not require, utilities to offer net metering. However, in 2019 a regulatory change required the state's largest utility to offer net metering for up to 5,000 rooftop solar customers or 32 megawatts of capacity, whichever came first. That limit was reached in 2021.⁶⁶

Petroleum

Georgia does not have any crude oil production or proved petroleum reserves.^67,68 None of the nearly 200 exploration wells drilled in the state during the 20th century were successful.^69,70 Georgia's last crude oil refinery closed at the end of 2014.^71,72 No crude oil pipelines cross the state, and Georgia receives refined petroleum products from two interstate petroleum product pipeline systems and an interstate propane pipeline.⁷³ The Port of Savannah also receives petroleum product imports from around the world.⁷⁴

As in many states, petroleum provides the largest share of the energy consumed in Georgia, accounting for about one-third of the state's total energy use.⁷⁵ In 2021, the state ranked among the top 10 states in total petroleum consumption, but it was among the lowest one-third of states in per capita petroleum use.⁷⁶ The transportation sector accounted for almost nine-tenths of the state's petroleum use, nearly two-thirds of that as motor gasoline.^77,78 Georgia's extensive transportation network—including interstate highways, the nation's fastest growing port, the world's busiest passenger airport, and two major railroads—uses much of the rest of the petroleum consumed in the transportation sector in Georgia as diesel fuel or jet fuel.^79,80 In 2021, the state's industrial sector was the second-largest petroleum consumer, and it used about 8% of the petroleum consumed in Georgia. The commercial sector accounted for almost 3% of the state's petroleum use, and the residential sector, where fewer than 5 in 100 households heat with petroleum products, mostly propane, consumed almost all the rest.⁸¹ The electric power sector used a very small amount of petroleum.⁸²

Natural gas

Georgia does not have any natural gas proved reserves or production.^83,84 However, in 2018, in part because of increased interest in shale gas exploration in northern Georgia, the state established an oil and gas board to review and issue permits related to drilling and hydraulic fracturing activities.⁸⁵ Georgia receives the natural gas it needs from other states by pipeline. In the past, it also received natural gas from other countries through the Elba Island liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminal.⁸⁶ LNG imports peaked in 2007, but as U.S. natural gas production has increased in the past 15 years, Georgia's import volumes have declined from a peak of more than 170 billion cubic feet in 2007 to none in 2021 and 2022.^87,88 Because of shifting market conditions, the Elba Island LNG terminal added liquefaction facilities to enable the export of up to 350 million cubic feet of natural gas per day. The terminal began commercial export operations in 2019.^89,90 In 2022, the Elba Island export terminal sent 108 billion cubic feet of LNG to several other countries. Most of the state's natural gas supply arrives by pipeline through Alabama. In 2022, almost three-fifths of the natural gas that entered Georgia left the state, and most of it continued on to South Carolina and Florida.⁹¹

Although natural gas consumption in Georgia is greater than in almost four-fifths of the states, Georgia's per capita natural gas consumption is less than in about two-thirds of the states.⁹² Between 2011 and 2022, natural gas use by the state's electric power sector more than doubled.⁹³ In 2022, 55% of the natural gas delivered to Georgia consumers was used for electricity generation, making the electric power sector the state's largest natural gas consumer.⁹⁴ The industrial sector was the second-largest natural gas consumer and accounted for one-fifth of state use. The residential sector, where more than one in three Georgia households use natural gas for home heating, consumed only about one-sixth, in part because the state's climate is warm and humid during most of the year, limiting heating demand.^95,96,97 In 2022, the commercial sector used most of the rest. The transportation sector consumed a small amount of natural gas as vehicle fuel.⁹⁸ The state has 19 public access and 30 private access compressed natural gas vehicle fueling stations.⁹⁹

Coal

Georgia has no active coal mines and only a small amount of recoverable coal reserves.¹⁰⁰ Some coal mining occurred in Georgia as early as the 1830s, but commercial production ended in the mid-1980s.¹⁰¹ Because many of the state's coal-fired power plants retired during the past 15 years, coal consumption in Georgia declined from more than 42 million tons in 2007 to about 9 million tons in 2022. Almost all of the coal used in Georgia fuels electricity generation, but nearly 3% of the coal consumed in the state goes to industrial facilities.¹⁰² In 2022, coal from Wyoming, Illinois, and a few other states went to Georgia's two remaining coal-fired power plants, and the state's industrial consumers received coal from Kentucky.^103,104 The Port of Savannah handles a small amount of U.S. coal exports. In 2019, for the first time since 2015, a small amount of imported coal entered at the Savannah port. However, no coal imports arrived there in 2020 or 2021.¹⁰⁵

Endnotes

¹ NETSTATE, Georgia, The Geography of Georgia, updated February 25, 2016.
² U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Georgia Profile Data, Reserves, accessed January 3, 2024.
³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P2, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2021.
⁴ Georgia Forestry Commission, Georgia Forest Facts, accessed January 3, 2024.
⁵ Georgia Forestry Association, #1 Forestry State, A National and Global Leader in Forestry, accessed January 3, 2024.
⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of December 2023.
⁷ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, September 2023.
⁸ Parker, Amanda K., New Georgia Encyclopedia, Geography & Environment, Conservation & Management, Reservoirs, updated September 3, 2019.
⁹ Nebraska Department of Environment and Energy, Comparison of Solar Power Potential by State, Solar Power Potential 2006.
¹⁰ Roberts, Billy J., Global horizontal Solar Irradiance, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
¹¹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Georgia, accessed January 3, 2024.
¹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹³ U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. and World Population Clock, Annual Population Estimate, Most Populous States, accessed January 3, 2024.
¹⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2021.
¹⁶ Airports Council International, "International travel returns: Top 10 busiest airports in the world revealed," Press Release (April 5, 2023).
¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2021.
¹⁸ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, Interactive Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars, Georgia, All statistics in table, 2022.
¹⁹ U.S. EIA, International Energy Outlook 2016, Chapter 7, Industrial sector energy consumption, p. 113.
²⁰ Knox, Pam, "Georgia's Climate Is Peachy!" The CoCoRaHS, ‘State Climate' Series, accessed January 3, 2024.
²¹ U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
²² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
²³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Georgia, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Table 1.9.B.
²⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Georgia, All fuels, Nuclear, Annual, 2001-22.
²⁶ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Georgia, updated September 27, 2023.
²⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of December 2023, Inventory of Planned Generators as of December 2023.
²⁸ U.S. EIA, "First new U.S. nuclear reactor since 2016 is now in operation," Today in Energy (December 26, 2023).
²⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of December 2023.
³⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Georgia, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
³¹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (December 2023), Table 1.3.B.
³² U.S. EIA, Georgia Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2022.
³³ U.S. Census Bureau, Georgia, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
³⁴ U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Georgia, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, Annual, 2022.
³⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F39, Electric light-duty vehicles overview, 2022.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (January 2024), Appendix F.1, Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure, monthly state file, XLS.
³⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Georgia, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
³⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of December 2023.
⁴⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of December 2023 and Inventory of Planned Generators as of December 2023.
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Georgia, All Solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, 2001-22.
⁴² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Georgia, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, All states, Wood and wood-derived fuels, Annual, 2022.
⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, All states, Biomass, Annual, 2022.
⁴⁵ Georgia Forestry Association, The #1 Forestry State in the Nation, updated February 2021.
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (January 2024), Table 1.
⁴⁷ Georgia Forestry Commission, Georgia Forest Products Exports, 2019.
⁴⁸ Muhammad, Andrew, "U.S. Wood Pellets Exports Continue to Reach Record Levels," Southern Ag Today (March 9, 2023).
⁴⁹ Meyer, Judith L., and Gretchen Loeffler, "River Basins," New Georgia Encyclopedia, Geography & Environment, updated December 10, 2019.
⁵⁰ Parker, Amanda K., "Reservoirs," New Georgia Encyclopedia, Geography & Environment, updated September 3, 2019.
⁵¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of December 2023.
⁵² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Georgia, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2022.
⁵³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, All states, Conventional hydroelectric, 2022.
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, "Pumped storage provides grid reliability even with net generation loss," Today in Energy (July 8, 2013).
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Georgia, Wind, Monthly, 2023.
⁵⁶ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Georgia 80-Meter Wind Resource Map, and Alabama-Florida-Georgia Offshore Wind Speed at 100 Meters, accessed January 14, 2024.
⁵⁷ U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011, Table 360, Coastline and Shoreline of the United States by State.
⁵⁸ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, XLS, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity as of January 1, 2023.
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2021.
⁶¹ U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
⁶² Voegele, Erin, "Flint Hills permanently closes Georgia ethanol plant," Ethanol Producer Magazine (June 15, 2020).
⁶³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2021.
⁶⁴ Ethanol Producer Magazine, LanzaTech Freedom Pines Fuels LLC, accessed January 14, 2024.
⁶⁵ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Georgia, Programs, accessed January 14, 2024.
⁶⁶ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Georgia, Net Metering, updated January 5, 2024.
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2017-22.
⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, Proved Nonproducing Reserves, Crude Oil, Annual, 2016-21.
⁶⁹ Swanson, David E., and Andrea Gernazian, Petroleum Exploration Wells in Georgia, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 51 (1979), Introduction.
⁷⁰ Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circulars, IC-77, Petroleum Exploration Wells in Georgia, 1979-1984 (1988), p. 1.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Georgia, Annual (as of January 1), 2018-23.
⁷² U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity 2022, Table 13, Refineries Permanently Shutdown By PAD District Between January 1, 1990 and January 1, 2023.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, Petroleum Energy Infrastructure and Resources, Georgia, Pipelines and Transmission, accessed January 14, 2024.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids, Company Level Imports, January—October 2023, Excel File.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2021.
⁷⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C8, Transportation Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁷⁹ Georgia Power, Economic Development, Why Georgia, Transportation and Infrastructure in Georgia, accessed January 14, 2024.
⁸⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C3, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁸¹ U.S. Census Bureau, Georgia, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁸² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, Dry Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Annual, 2016-21.
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Annual, 2017-22.
⁸⁵ Southern Environmental Law Center, Georgia passes modern-day fracking protections into law (May 11, 2018).
⁸⁶ U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, North American LNG Import Terminals, Existing, updated September 17, 2020.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, U.S. Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 1936-2022.
⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, Georgia Natural Gas International Receipts, 1967-2022.
⁸⁹ U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, North American LNG Export Terminals, Existing, updated September 17, 2020.
⁹⁰ "Kinder Morgan brings final Elba Island LNG liquefaction unit online," LNG Industry (August 28, 2020).
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Georgia, Annual, 2017-22.
⁹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
⁹³ U.S. EIA, Georgia Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Consumers, 1997-2022.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Georgia, Annual, 2017-22.
⁹⁵ U.S. Census Bureau, Georgia, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁹⁶ Knox, Pam, "Georgia's Climate is Peachy!" CoCoRaHS State Climates Series, accessed January 15, 2024.
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System. Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Georgia, Annual, 2017-22.
⁹⁹ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Virginia, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Public and Private Access, Available, accessed January 15, 2024.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2022 (October 2023), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021, and Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022.
¹⁰¹ Cooksey, Elizabeth B., Dade County, New Georgia Encyclopedia, updated June 23, 2022.
¹⁰² U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption, Georgia, 2001-22.
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2022 (October 2023), By Coal Destination State, Georgia, Table DS-8, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of December 2023.
¹⁰⁵ U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, 4th Quarter 2016-22, Table 13, Coal Exports by Customs District and Table 20, Coal Imports by Customs District.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 1C
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: SERC Reliability Corporation (SERC)

Other Websites

• Georgia Department of Human Services, Division of Family and Children Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• Georgia Environmental Finance Authority, Energy Resources
• EIA Georgia Flickr Album
• Southeastern Power Administration
• U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Georgia
• Southern States Energy Board
• Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
• Tennessee Valley Authority
• Benefits.Gov, Housing and Public Utilities
• NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Research and Policy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission
• U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Community Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• U.S. Geological Survey, Maps
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
• EIA Status of U.S. Nuclear Outages
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, State and Local Planning for Energy (SLOPE)
• EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
• EIA Energy Disruptions
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development, Energy Programs