Last Updated: April 18, 2024

Overview

Washington State is the nation's largest hydroelectric power producer.¹ It is the furthest northwest of the Lower 48 states, with the Pacific Ocean forming the state's western boundary. The Columbia River, second only to the Mississippi in volume of water flow among the nation's rivers, runs in an arc through the eastern half of the state.^2,3 It forms much of the boundary between Washington and Oregon and drains all of eastern Washington and the western slopes of the Cascade Range south of Mt. Rainier.^4,5 The river provides water for vast hydroelectric projects, including Washington's Grand Coulee Dam, one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world.^6,7 Washington's climate ranges from temperate rainforest in the extreme western part of the state, where the heaviest precipitation in the continental United States occurs, to near desert conditions in areas east of the Cascade Range.⁸ Crop residues from Washington's agricultural areas in the east and those from the state's western forests provide ample biomass resources, and many areas of the state have significant wind power development potential.^9,10 Even though the state has few fossil fuel resources, its five petroleum refineries provide Washington with the fifth-largest crude oil refining capacity among the states.^11,12,13

Washington's economy developed around logging, fishing, and agriculture.¹⁴ Today, the state is a leader in the energy-intensive forest products industry and in the aerospace industry, including the manufacture of aircraft.¹⁵ Among the top contributors to the state's gross domestic product (GDP) are private service-providing industries, manufacturing, particularly of transportation equipment, and information.¹⁶ The transportation sector accounts for about one-third of the state's total energy consumption, while the industrial sector accounts for one-fourth.¹⁷ Most of Washington's more densely populated areas are west of the Cascade Range where the climate is moderated by the Pacific Ocean and summers are cool and winters are mild.^18,19 The residential sector uses one-fourth of the state's energy, and the commercial sector accounts for almost one-fifth of the state's total energy use.²⁰ Overall, Washington consumes more than twice as much energy as it produces, but its per capita energy consumption is less than in almost three-fourths of the states.^21,22

Electricity

In 2023, hydroelectric power accounted for 60% of Washington's total electricity net generation from both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) facilities.²³ Washington typically contributes between one-fourth and one-third of all conventional hydroelectric generation in the nation annually. Nine of the state's 10 largest power plants by capacity and 7 of the 10 by actual generation are hydroelectric facilities.^24,25 Most of those hydroelectric plants are located on the Columbia River, and one of them, the Grand Coulee Dam, is the ninth-largest hydroelectric power plant by capacity in the world.^26,27 Grand Coulee Dam's hydroelectric plant typically produces more than 21 million megawatthours of electricity each year and supplies power to 8 western states and parts of Canada.^28,29 The second-largest power plant in the state—Chief Joseph—is also a hydroelectric facility.³⁰ Grand Coulee and Chief Joseph are among the eight Washington hydroelectric power plants that are owned and operated by the federal government.³¹ The Bonneville Power Administration, one of four federal power marketing administrations, distributes the electricity produced at all federal dams in Washington.^32,33

Natural gas, nonhydroelectric renewable resources (mostly wind), nuclear energy, and coal provide almost all the rest of Washington's in-state electricity generation. Natural gas is the second-largest in-state source of net generation, and it fueled about 18% of the state's total electricity generation in 2023. Renewable resources other than hydroelectric power accounted for about 10% of state generation. Wind represented almost four-fifths of that share. Biomass and solar energy supplied the rest of the renewable generation. Nuclear energy provided about 8% of Washington's total in-state generation, all of it from the Columbia Generating Station, which is the state's only operating nuclear power plant.^34,35 It also is the only nonhydroelectric power plant among the state's 10 largest by capacity. The Columbia nuclear plant is the state's fifth-largest power plant by capacity, but it is the state's third-largest provider of electricity.³⁶ In 2023, coal fueled about 4% of the total electricity generated in Washington, almost all of it from one coal-fired power plant, the TransAlta Centralia plant.³⁷ One of Centralia's two coal-fired units permanently shut down at the end of 2020, and the other is scheduled for retirement in 2025.³⁸ Overall, Washington's electricity net generation exceeds electricity demand in the state. The excess power generated is sent to the Western Interconnection, a regional grid that stretches from British Columbia and Alberta in Canada, to the northern part of Baja California, Mexico, and across all or parts of 14 western states.^39,40

In 2023, Washington had the ninth-lowest average electricity prices in the nation.⁴¹ The residential sector, where almost three in five households use electricity as their primary heating source, accounted for 44% of Washington's electricity sales in 2023.⁴² The commercial sector used 33% of the state's electricity, and the industrial sector accounted for 23%. A small amount of electricity was also used for light rail and electric buses.^43,44 Washington is part of the West Coast Electric Highway, a network of public charging locations for electric vehicles located along Interstate 5 and other major roads in the Pacific Northwest and is part of the larger West Coast Green Highway that extends from Canada to Mexico.⁴⁵ More than 90,200 battery electric vehicles are registered in Washington, the fourth-most of any state.⁴⁶ As of February 2024, the state had more than 2,150 electric vehicle charging locations and more than 5,950 charging ports.⁴⁷ In 2023, Washington's light-duty electric vehicles consumed about 309,000 megawatthours of electricity.⁴⁸

Renewable energy

Washington leads the nation in electricity generation from hydroelectric power and accounted for about 25% of the nation's total hydroelectric generation in 2023.⁴⁹ The state was third in the nation, after Texas and California, in utility-scale renewable generation from all sources. In 2023, Washington produced about 8% of the nation's total renewable-sourced utility-scale electricity generation.⁵⁰ Hydroelectric power accounted for 86% of the state's total renewable power generation, and wind, biomass, and solar provided the rest.⁵¹ Some renewable energy resources are used in energy applications other than electricity generation, such as biofuel blends used for transportation and space heating as well as wood and solar energy used for space and water heating. About 3% of Washington's households heat with wood.^52,53 When biofuels and thermal energy are included with renewable electricity generation, renewable resources account for about 90% of Washington's total energy production.⁵⁴

In addition to the 8 federal hydroelectric facilities, including the nation's largest, there are almost 70 additional power-producing dams in Washington. There are also more than 300 megawatts of pumped hydroelectric storage capacity in the state, all of it at the Grand Coulee Dam.⁵⁵ Pumped-storage hydroelectric plants generate electricity during peak demand periods using water previously pumped into an elevated storage reservoir during off-peak periods and then releasing it to flow back to a lower reservoir through turbines that generate electricity. It consumes more power than it generates, but it provides power in periods of high demand.^56,57 Washington also has significant tidal energy resources in Puget Sound.⁵⁸ Deployment of a floating tidal turbine is planned as part of a state project.⁵⁹ Washington and its neighbor Oregon also have the greatest nearshore wave energy resources in the region.⁶⁰

Wind power is the second-largest contributor to the state's renewable electricity generation. It has supplied more than 6% of Washington's total net generation in every year since 2013. In 2023, it supplied almost 8% of the state's power.⁶¹ Washington's first utility-scale wind project came online in 2001, and development of the state's wind resources continues.^62,63 As of December 2023, Washington had almost 3,400 megawatts of wind-powered capacity.⁶⁴ A 126-megawatt wind farm is scheduled to come online in late 2025.⁶⁵ The state's largest wind farm is along the Snake River in southeastern Washington. It came online in 2012 and has a capacity of about 343 megawatts.⁶⁶

In 2023, biomass accounted for about 1% of Washington's total electricity net generation and almost 3% of the nation's total net generation from biomass.⁶⁷ Forests cover about half of Washington's land area, and wood and wood-derived fuels are the main sources of biomass used to fuel electricity generation in the state.^68,69 In early 2024, 86% of the state's biomass generating capacity was at wood-fueled facilities.⁷⁰ Washington also has two wood pellet manufacturing plants with a combined production capacity of about 100,000 tons per year.⁷¹ Wood pellets are used for electricity generation and space heating.⁷²

Solar energy supplies less than 1% of Washington's total electricity generation. Although the amount of generation from utility-scale solar installations was more than four times greater in 2023 than in 2022, almost three-fifths of the state's solar power came from small-scale, customer-sited solar photovoltaic (PV) power installations, such as rooftop solar panels.⁷³ One of the state's wind farms includes a 0.5-megawatt solar array and came online in 2007, but Washington's first utility-scale solar PV project, a 19-megawatt facility, came online in 2018. A 150-megawatt solar project in Klickitat County came online in 2022 and is Washington's largest solar power plant so far. Other large solar projects are in development and an 80-megawatt one is scheduled to come online in late 2024.⁷⁴

Washington has several biogas and biofuel projects. There are several dairy farms in the state that use anaerobic digesters to generate electricity from methane captured from manure.⁷⁵ Washington also has two biofuel manufacturing facilities. One plant can produce about 107 million gallons of biodiesel per year.⁷⁶ The other facility, completed in late 2022, can produce about 110 million gallons of renewable diesel each year from waste vegetable oils and animal fats.⁷⁷ In 2021, Washington consumers used almost 23 million gallons of biodiesel.⁷⁸ State law requires that at least 2% of all diesel fuel sold in Washington be biodiesel or renewable diesel. The law also requires that at least 20% of all diesel fuel used in state agency vehicles be biodiesel or renewable diesel.⁷⁹ There are no commercial fuel ethanol producers in Washington.⁸⁰ However, oxygenated motor gasoline blended with fuel ethanol is required statewide.⁸¹

Much of Washington has geothermal resources. Although the state does not generate electricity from geothermal energy, those resources are used to heat buildings, greenhouses, and water.⁸² Several of Washington's natural hot and mineral spring spas use their hot waters to provide space heating.⁸³

Washington established a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in 2006 and revised it in 2019 when it enacted the Clean Energy Transformation Act (CETA). The CETA requires electric utilities that serve retail customers in the state phase out coal-fired electricity from their energy mix by 2025. CETA also requires that utilities make their electricity supply greenhouse gas emissions neutral by 2030, which means they may use limited amounts of electricity generated from natural gas if it is offset by other actions, and it allows utilities to meet a portion of the requirement through offsets. By 2045, 100% of all electricity sold to in-state customers must come from renewable or non-emitting sources.^84,85

Petroleum

Washington does not have any crude oil reserves or production.⁸⁶ Even though oil exploration in the state began in 1900, drillers found only small amounts of crude oil, and the state has not produced any crude oil since the early 1960s.⁸⁷ Nonetheless, Washington is a major oil refining center with the fifth-largest crude oil refining capacity in the nation.⁸⁸ Washington's refineries receive crude oil supplies by pipeline, ship, and rail.⁸⁹ The state's five refineries process domestic and foreign crude oils, primarily from Canada, North Dakota, and Alaska.^90,91 Collectively, Washington's refineries can process about 648,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day into a wide variety of products, including transportation fuels.⁹² The largest refinery, Cherry Point in northwestern Washington, can process about 250,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day. That refinery is also one of the few in the country that can produce renewable diesel from biomass-based feedstocks. In 2022, the plant expanded its renewable diesel production capacity to nearly 110 million gallons of renewable diesel per year.^93,94

Petroleum supplies almost two-fifths of the total energy consumed in Washington.⁹⁵ In 2021, Washington's total petroleum consumption was the 16th-highest in the nation, but its per capita consumption of petroleum ranked 31st among the states.⁹⁶ The transportation sector accounts for 80% of the petroleum consumed in Washington.⁹⁷ Motor gasoline, which all five of the state's refineries produce, accounts for about half of Washington's transportation sector petroleum use, and distillate fuel oil (diesel) accounts for about one-fifth. Washington is also the nation's ninth-largest jet fuel consumer, and jet fuel along with residual fuel oil account for almost all the rest of the transportation sector's petroleum consumption.⁹⁸ The industrial sector is the second-largest petroleum consumer in Washington and accounts for almost 16% of state use.⁹⁹ The commercial sector consumes almost 3%, and the residential sector, where fewer than 1 in 20 households heat with petroleum products, uses about 2%.^100,101

Natural gas

Washington has no natural gas reserves or production.¹⁰² However, the state has one underground natural gas storage field, the Jackson Prairie Gas Storage Facility located in western Washington. It has a total storage capacity of about 47 billion cubic feet and is the 14th-largest natural gas storage field in the nation.^103,104,105 Canada supplies most of the natural gas that Washington uses. Almost two-thirds of the natural gas that enters the state comes from Idaho and most of that is originally from Canada. Another more than one-third enters Washington directly from Canada.¹⁰⁶ Canada's Sumas Center, near the border between Washington and British Columbia, is a major natural gas trading and transportation hub.¹⁰⁷ Nearly two-thirds of the natural gas that enters Washington continues south to Oregon.¹⁰⁸

Washington consumes less natural gas by volume than more than half of the states, and uses less per capita than all but four other states and the District of Columbia.¹⁰⁹ In 2019, the electric power sector accounted for the largest share of Washington's natural gas consumption for the first time and has remained the largest natural gas consumer in the state since then. In 2022, three-tenths of the natural gas delivered to consumers was used to generate electricity.¹¹⁰ The residential sector, where more than one-third of households rely on natural gas as their primary heating fuel, is the second-largest natural gas-consuming sector and typically uses more than one-fourth of the state total.¹¹¹ The industrial sector accounts for about one-fourth of the natural gas consumed. The commercial sector uses almost one-fifth, and the transportation sector uses a small amount as compressed natural gas vehicle fuel.¹¹²

Coal

Washington has nearly 700 million tons of estimated recoverable coal reserves, but there are no longer any active coal mines in the state.¹¹³ The last coal mine closed in 2006. Before closing, that mine provided most of the coal used at the state's only coal-fired power plant near Centralia. Currently, coal from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana supplies the Centralia power plant, but the power plant's last coal-fired unit will retire by 2025.^114,115 Industrial facilities in the state also receive small amounts of coal.¹¹⁶ Washington consumed almost 2.5 million tons of coal in 2022.¹¹⁷ Coal from several western states is exported through Washington's Seattle Customs District. Seattle is the fifth-largest coal export center in the nation, and accounted for more than 5% of U.S. total coal exports in 2023.¹¹⁸

Energy on tribal lands

Washington is one of eight states with more than 200,000 Native American residents, and Native Americans make up almost 3% of the state's population.¹¹⁹ There are 29 federally recognized tribes in Washington, and almost 6% of the state's land area is tribally held.^120,121 Although Washington's tribal lands do not have fossil fuel resources, they do have renewable resources.¹²²

Many tribal lands in Washington have abundant biomass resources. The 12 tribes on the Colville Reservation and those on the Yakama Reservation—the two largest reservations in the state—have substantial forestry industries.^123,124,125 The Yakama reservation of southern Washington is among the top five reservations in the nation in electricity generation potential from biomass.¹²⁶ The Quinault Indian Nation on Washington's Pacific coast also has abundant woody biomass and uses sustainable forest practices and has explored the feasibility of a wood pellet manufacturing facility on the reservation to manage forest slash, the woody debris from logging.^127,128

The Tulalip tribe joined an agricultural cooperative and a salmon habitat restoration organization, to form the Qualco electric cooperative. The cooperative generates electricity from methane produced in an anaerobic biodigester using manure and agricultural waste from local farms to reduce runoff that would otherwise enter and pollute nearby salmon streams.¹²⁹ In 2022, Qualco Energy received funding from the state's Clean Energy Fund for participation in a hydrogen generation project using Qualco's renewable biogas. Clean burning hydrogen is a fuel that does not produce any CO2 emissions.¹³⁰

Land that was once part of two Washington reservations—the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation and the Spokane Tribe Indian Reservation— is now the site of Grand Coulee Dam, the nation's largest hydroelectric power producer.^131,132 Today, the Yakama reservation, the second-largest reservation in the state, has some of the best hydropower potential of any reservation in the nation and has a hydroelectric power plant with more than 3 megawatts of hydroelectric capacity on its tribal lands.^133,134 The Yakama tribe is developing electric generation projects that will use solar and woody biomass.¹³⁵ Yakama Power, a tribal-owned utility, has worked toward acquisition of ownership interests in transmission and distribution facilities that serve the reservation.¹³⁶

Several of Washington's tribal areas have solar and geothermal resources. The Spokane Nation of eastern Washington with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) installed about 650 kilowatts of solar on 32 buildings—9 public and 23 residences—on the reservation between 2017 and 2023.¹³⁷ In 2020, the Spokane Reservation received funding from DOE for 980 kilowatts of solar PV installations on 140 tribal residences.¹³⁸ A 2022 Lummi Nation project has received DOE funding to assist in the installation of a 100-kilowatt rooftop solar PV system at the tribe's new Health and Wellness Center in Bellingham, Washington.¹³⁹ In 2022, a DOE grant to the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, whose lands are south of Seattle, helped pay for the installation of approximately 130 kilowatts of solar PV.¹⁴⁰ Some tribal lands in eastern Washington also have geothermal resource potential.¹⁴¹

Endnotes

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