Last Updated: June 20, 2025

Overview

Utah is a state of contrasts, from mountains soaring more than 13,000 feet above sea level in the northeast to the desert floor 9,000 feet lower in the southwest.¹ The state has a variety of energy resources, including crude oil, natural gas, coal, and several forms of renewable energy.² Utah also currently produces six critical minerals, including lithium and palladium, which are used to manufacture batteries and electronics, and has resources of 34 more critical minerals.^3,4 An arid state with abundant sunshine, Utah is among the states with the greatest solar resources.^5,6 Hydropower, wind, and geothermal resources are also major contributors to the state's electricity generation from renewables.⁷ The majority of Utah's residents live in Salt Lake City and other communities along the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state.^8,9 Although Utah was the fifth fastest-growing state by population between 2020 and 2024, most of the state is sparsely populated.^10,11

The energy industry is an important component of Utah's economy and royalties from energy development on extensive state trust lands typically are the largest source of income for Utah's public-school trust fund.¹² About 63% of Utah's land is owned by the federal government, the second-highest share after Nevada's 80%.¹³ Utah has the fourth-highest number of producing crude oil and natural gas leases on federal lands, after Wyoming, New Mexico, and Colorado.¹⁴

Energy use per capita in Utah is less than in almost two-thirds of the states.¹⁵ The transportation sector leads Utah's energy consumption, accounting for one-third of the state's total, followed by the industrial sector at about one-fourth. The residential sector and the commercial sector each account for about one-fourth of the state's total end-use sector energy consumption.¹⁶ Despite temperatures that vary greatly with season and altitude, ranging from well above 100°F in the south in the summer to around 20°F in winter at higher elevations in the north, per capita energy consumption in Utah is below the national average. Utah ranks among the one-third of states with the lowest per capita energy consumption in the residential sector.^17,18 The state's economy is largely service-oriented with finance, insurance, and real estate as the biggest contributors, followed by professional and business services, the manufacturing sector, and government spending.¹⁹ Utah's energy intensity—the amount of energy needed to produce each dollar of state gross domestic product—is less than in about two-thirds of the states.²⁰

Petroleum

Utah has 1% of the nation's proved crude oil reserves.²¹ In addition to conventional crude oil reservoirs, northeastern Utah overlays part of the Green River oil shale, a potential oil resource. Eastern Utah also has the largest U.S. deposit of oil sands.^22,23 However, extraction technology for the state's oil shale and oil sand resources is water-intensive and unprofitable. The last company with an oil shale lease on property managed by the Bureau of Land Management—the South Project located in Utah's Uinta Basin—relinquished its lease in 2023.^24,25,26

Utah accounts for almost 1 in every 100 barrels of crude oil produced in the United States and about 18 of every 100 barrels produced in the Rocky Mountain region.²⁷ Oil drilling operations and producing wells are concentrated in the Uinta Basin in northeastern Utah and the Paradox Basin of southeastern Utah.²⁸ In 2024, Utah's crude oil production reached a record high of 66 million barrels, a 16% increase from 2023.²⁹

Utah's five oil refineries, all located in the Salt Lake City area, can process about 209,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day. Much of the oil processed by the refineries arrives by pipeline from Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and Canada.^30,31 Utah's refineries, which have almost one-third of the refining capacity in the Rocky Mountain region, produce mostly motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel.^32,33 Pipelines carry refined products from the refineries to markets in Utah, Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, eastern Washington, and Oregon. Petroleum products also enter Utah by pipeline from refineries in Wyoming and Montana.^34,35,36

Utah's per capita petroleum consumption ranks among the lowest two-fifths of the states.³⁷ The transportation sector uses about four-fifths of the petroleum consumed in the state.³⁸ To help reduce ground-level ozone during the summer months, Utah requires the use of motor gasoline blended with ethanol in the two densely populated counties in the north central part of the state, which includes the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The rest of the state can use conventional motor gasoline that is not blended with ethanol.^39,40,41 The industrial sector uses about one-eighth and the commercial and residential sectors together use the rest, which is less than 5% of the petroleum consumed in the state.⁴² About 3 in 100 Utah households use propane, fuel oil, or kerosene for home heating.⁴³ Total petroleum consumption in the state's residential sector is lower than in all other states but Hawaii and Louisiana.⁴⁴

Natural gas

Although Utah holds less than 1% of the nation's proved natural gas reserves, the state has 3 of the 100 largest U.S. natural gas fields.^45,46 Utah's marketed natural gas production, most of which is in Uintah County in the northeastern corner of the state, accounts for about 1% of U.S. natural gas output.^47,48,49 The state's natural gas production rose steadily for three decades starting in the mid-1980s, peaking in 2012. Annual production decreased every year for a decade in response to lower marketed natural gas prices and reduced crude oil drilling. However, natural gas production increased in 2022 for the first time since 2012 and continued to rise in 2023 and 2024 to the highest level in seven years.^50,51 Utah's coalbed methane production, which is natural gas produced from coal seams, peaked in 2007, when it accounted for over one-fifth of the state's natural gas output. Coalbed methane production has gradually declined since then and in 2023 fell to about one-third of its peak output and one-tenth of the state's total natural gas output.^52,53,54

Utah is crossed by several interstate pipelines that transport natural gas from the Opal Hub in Wyoming, from the Piceance Basin in western Colorado, and from Utah's in-state production to markets in Nevada, Idaho, and Colorado.^55,56,57 Utah has three natural gas storage facilities with a combined storage capacity of almost 125 billion cubic feet, equal to slightly more than 1% of the nation's total natural gas storage capacity.⁵⁸ The Clay Basin facility, on the Utah-Wyoming border near Colorado, is the largest underground storage reservoir in the Rocky Mountain region and the 14th-largest in the nation. It can hold 120 billion cubic feet of gas.^59,60

In 2021, Utah's electric power sector became the state's largest consumer of natural gas for the first time. This trend continued through 2024, when the sector accounted for 36% of the state's natural gas use. The residential sector received about 30% of gas deliveries in the state.⁶¹ Almost 8 out of 10 Utah households use natural gas as their primary heating fuel, the highest share of natural gas home heating use for any state.^62,63 The commercial sector accounted for 19% and the industrial sector for 15% of the state's natural gas consumption.⁶⁴

Coal

Utah has about 1% of the nation's estimated recoverable coal reserves and accounts for 1% of U.S. coal production. Utah had six active coal mines in 2024 that produced 7.5 million tons of coal. While this is a slight increase from 2023, coal production has generally been on a downward trend since production peaked at 27.1 million tons in 1996.^65,66 Most active mines in the state are underground operations in central Utah. The only active surface coal mine is in the south near the Arizona border.^67,68 Almost three-fifths of the coal mined in Utah is consumed in the state, mostly for electricity generation. About two-fifths of Utah's mined coal is exported to other countries and the rest is sent to other states, primarily to California, Nevada, and Oklahoma, where the coal is used at industrial facilities. Small amounts of coal are sent to Arkansas, Kentucky, Indiana, and Oregon. Utah receives the most coal by rail from Colorado and small amounts from Wyoming for electricity generation.^69,70

After Utah's coal production increased in 2019 because of higher demand from the overseas export market, coal production continued to decline. In 2023, coal production declined to the lowest level in 49 years, partly due to the temporary closures and production problems at the Lila Canyon, Skyline, and Coal Hollow mines.^71,72,73 The state's coal output fell and mines shut down because of decreased demand for coal from the U.S. electric power sector.^74,75

Electricity

In 2024, coal fueled about 45% of Utah's total electricity net generation, down from 75% in 2015, and natural gas accounted for 32%, an increase from 20% during the same period. Almost all of the rest of Utah's generation came from renewable energy sources, primarily solar power.⁷⁶ Solar energy powers about 94% of Utah's electric generating capacity added since 2015.⁷⁷ While the state does not generate any electricity from nuclear energy, plans for several nuclear power plants have been proposed.^78,79,80

Utah has the nation's only operating uranium production mill, the White Mesa Mill.⁸¹ The state experienced several booms in uranium mining—in the 1950s during the Cold War, in the 1970s with the growth in the U.S. nuclear power industry, and in the mid-2000s when uranium prices increased. Mine closures followed when uranium demand and prices fell. The Utah mill processes uranium ore from mines in other states and from radioactive waste. There had been no uranium mine production in Utah since 2012.^82,83,84 However, with the rise in uranium prices and favorable government policies due to the import ban for uranium from Russia, uranium mining at the Pandora and La Sal mines in eastern Utah began in December 2023. This uranium is being processed at the White Mesa Mill.^85,86,87,88 Additionally, the Velvet-Wood mine, which was shutdown in the 1980s is scheduled to reopen in 2027 and will produce both uranium and vanadium.⁸⁹ Utah also has other mineral and metal deposits and is the only producer of beryllium—which has medical and defense applications—and is home to the second largest copper mine in the nation.^90,91,92

Utah's Strategic Energy Plan expects natural gas-fired generation will replace coal and will back up intermittent generation from renewables like wind and solar power.⁹³ No new coal-fired generators have been built in the state since 1993, but 67 natural gas-fired units have been put into service since then.⁹⁴ High-capacity transmission lines are being constructed to bring renewable power from Wyoming and Utah to other western states, as well as to enhance reliability of electricity delivery within Utah.^95,96

Utah's total per capita electricity consumption is lower than in about three-fourths of the states.⁹⁷ The commercial sector consumes the most electricity, accounting for two-fifths of the state's total. Electricity consumption in the residential sector makes up about one-third of the state's electricity use and the industrial sector accounts for about one-fourth.⁹⁸ In 2024, Utah's average residential electricity retail price was the lowest in the nation and the average electricity retail price for all sectors was the third-lowest in the nation, behind North Dakota and Louisiana.^99,100 Electricity is the primary energy source for home heating in about one in six Utah households.¹⁰¹ As of April 2025, Utah had almost 900 public electric vehicle charging locations, with the majority clustered around Salt Lake City.^102,103

Renewable energy

In 2024, about 22% of Utah's total electricity generation came from renewable energy sources. Solar energy generated more electricity than any other renewable resource in the state. Electricity generation from all solar facilities, both utility-scale (1-megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) customer-sited solar panel systems, accounted for about three-fourths of the state's renewable generation and has nearly doubled since 2020.¹⁰⁴ In 2024, Utah ranked 16th among the states in the amount of solar power generating capacity, with 2,780 megawatts.¹⁰⁵ Another 612 megawatts of utility-scale solar capacity are scheduled to come online in 2025.¹⁰⁶ The state requires investor-owned electric utilities and most electric cooperatives to offer net metering to their customers, which encourages installation of solar panels on residential rooftops.¹⁰⁷ However, in 2024, about four-fifths of the state's solar power came from utility-scale solar generating facilities.¹⁰⁸

Hydropower made up about 10% of the state's renewable generation in 2024.¹⁰⁹ The annual amount of hydropower generation depends on water availability from seasonal rains and melting snow, and drought in some of the western states has impacted generation levels.^110,111 The state has 29 utility-scale hydroelectric plants, and over half of those plants' generating units are more than 60 years old. The 1.2-megawatt Granite hydroelectric power station located southwest of Salt Lake City is the oldest, built in 1896 to provide electricity to the city's streetcar system.^112,113

Wind energy produced about 9% of Utah's renewable electricity in 2024.¹¹⁴ Utah has five wind farms operating with nearly 400 megawatts of generating capacity.¹¹⁵ The state's two largest wind farms send power to southern California.¹¹⁶ Commercial wind power potential can be found in the Wasatch and Uinta mountain ranges in Utah's north-central region and on the mesas in western and eastern Utah.^117,118

Utah is one of seven states with utility-scale electricity generation from geothermal sources, ranking third behind California and Nevada.¹¹⁹ In 2024, three geothermal facilities in southwestern Utah provided 5% of the state's renewable electricity generation.^120,121 The state has some of the best geothermal potential in the nation, and more geothermal projects are in development.^122,123,124 In April 2025, the U.S. Interior Department leased 14 parcels in Utah totaling about 51,000 acres for geothermal projects.¹²⁵

Biomass, primarily in the form of landfill gas at facilities near Salt Lake City, provided the remaining 1% of the state's renewable electricity generation in 2024.^126,127 A 3-megawatt biogas generating plant in Beaver County, Utah uses methane gas from pig manure to produce electricity.^128,129 Utah's wood biomass resources also provide feedstock for the state's one small wood pellet manufacturing plant, which has an annual production capacity of 9,500 tons.¹³⁰

Utah has a renewable portfolio goal that requires all electric utilities to pursue renewable energy when it is cost-effective. Each utility has a goal for 20% of its adjusted electricity retail sales to be generated from qualifying renewable sources by 2025. Renewable energy sources that meet this goal include: solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, hydrogen, municipal solid waste, landfill gas, and farm animal manure.¹³¹ Utah offers tax credits for both residential and commercial renewable energy generating systems.¹³²

Endnotes

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³ U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, What are Critical Minerals?, updated November 1, 2024.
⁴ Mills, Stephanie E. and Andrew Rupke, Critical Minerals of Utah, Utah Geological Survey, Circular 135, 2023, p. 1.
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⁶ U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Direct Normal Solar Irradiance, updated February 22, 2018.
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¹²⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Utah, 2001-24.
¹²⁷ Utah Office of Energy Development, Utah's Energy Resources, Utah's Biomass Resources, accessed May 23, 2025.
¹²⁸ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of April 2025, Plant State: Utah, Technology: Landfill Gas, Other Waste Biomass.
¹²⁹ AQUA Engineering, Blue Mountain Energy Recovery, accessed May 25, 2025.
¹³⁰ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (May 29, 2025), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, January 2025.
¹³¹ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Utah, Renewable Portfolio Goal, updated November 26, 2024.
¹³² Utah Office of Energy Development, Tax Credits, Renewable Energy Systems Tax Credit (RESTC), accessed May 23, 2025.