Last Updated: September 18, 2025

Overview

North Dakota has substantial fossil fuel and renewable energy resources.^1,2 The state is the third-largest crude oil producer in the nation and has significant coal and natural gas reserves.^3,4,5 Located at the geographic center of North America, North Dakota has a climate characterized by large temperature differences, varied precipitation, plentiful sunshine, low humidity, and nearly continuous wind. North Dakota's rolling plains slope gently upward to the west toward the Rocky Mountains. Two major river systems, the Missouri River and the Red River, flow through North Dakota, and a large dam on the Missouri River harnesses its hydropower. Winds move unobstructed across the state, providing a renewable resource that generates more than one-third of the state's electricity.^6,7 North Dakota's rich soils produce many crops, including corn used for ethanol production.⁸ The state is among the top 10 ethanol, biodiesel, and renewable diesel producers in the nation.⁹

North Dakota has the fourth-lowest population and is one of five states with less than 1 million people.¹⁰ In part because of the state's small population, North Dakota's total energy consumption ranks among the lowest one-third of the states. However, North Dakota's energy consumption per capita and the amount of energy needed to produce each dollar of GDP rank among the top four states, in part because of its energy-intensive industrial sector, high vehicle miles traveled per capita, and relatively cold climate.^11,12,13 The industrial sector accounts for almost three-fifths of the state's total energy consumption.¹⁴ The energy-intensive oil and natural gas extraction industries, mining that includes coal production, and agriculture are major contributors to the state's economy.¹⁵ The transportation sector accounts for one-fifth of total energy consumption in the state. The commercial sector accounts for about one-sixth, and the residential sector makes up almost one-tenth.¹⁶

North Dakota's total energy production is about six times greater than its energy consumption.¹⁷ A surge in energy production since 2010—except for a multi-year slowdown during the COVID-19 national emergency—has come from the development of the state's oil reserves.¹⁸ Crude oil accounts for slightly more than half of North Dakota's total primary energy production. Natural gas makes up 35% of the state's energy production, coal is about 7%, and renewable energy, including biofuels, accounts for the remaining 4%.¹⁹

Petroleum

North Dakota ranks third in the nation, after Texas and New Mexico, in both crude oil reserves and production.^20,21 Oil exploration in North Dakota began in the early 20th century, but the state's first oil discovery did not occur until 1951.²² Production was modest until new drilling technologies—horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing—were applied more than a decade ago to exploration of the Bakken Shale formation in western North Dakota in the Williston Basin. The Williston Basin is an area of several hundred thousand square miles that includes parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan.²³ The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that about 1.9 billion barrels of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil are in the Bakken formation and much of that oil is in North Dakota.²⁴ About 20 of the nation's 100 largest oil fields, as measured by proved reserves, are in North Dakota.²⁵

From 2012 to 2020, North Dakota was the nation's second-largest crude oil-producing state. However, New Mexico surpassed North Dakota in oil production in 2021. North Dakota reached record volumes in 2019, but the state's oil output declined each year from 2020 to 2022, mainly due to the drop in petroleum demand and drilling activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, the state's crude oil production increased for the first time in four years and continued rising in 2024, when it was the third-highest annual output ever at almost 1.2 million barrels per day.^26,27,28

North Dakota's one operating oil refinery can process about 71,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, which is less than one-tenth of the state's daily crude oil production. A smaller refinery, with an operating capacity of 19,000 barrels per calendar day, shut down in May 2020, and converted into a renewable diesel production plant.^29,30,31 A planned refinery in the west-central part of the state would have a capacity of nearly 50,000 barrels per calendar day to process locally produced Bakken crude oil into petroleum products.^32,33 Most of North Dakota's crude oil production was transported out of the state by rail a decade ago. But new pipelines built in recent years resulted in more oil takeaway pipeline capacity than rail car capacity.^34,35,36 In mid-2025, about 8 out of 10 barrels of crude oil produced in the state was transported by pipeline.³⁷ North Dakota is also a U.S. entrance point for pipelines carrying crude oil from Canada.³⁸ Oil from Canada is transported via pipeline to Midwest refining centers and to the crude oil market hub at Cushing, Oklahoma, as well as to refineries on the U.S. Gulf Coast.³⁹

Relatively little of the crude oil produced in North Dakota is used in the state, with the state's oil production about 13 times greater than its total petroleum consumption. However, North Dakota's petroleum consumption per capita is among the top five states in the nation. The transportation sector accounts for almost three-fifths of North Dakota's petroleum consumption and the industrial sector uses one-third.^40,41,42 Conventional motor gasoline without ethanol is allowed to be sold statewide, although most U.S. gasoline contains at least 10% ethanol.^43,44 The state has 35 public fueling stations that sell E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% motor gasoline.⁴⁵ North Dakota has the third-highest per capita motor gasoline expenditures among the states.⁴⁶ About 5% of the petroleum used in North Dakota is consumed by the residential sector, where about one in seven households uses petroleum products—mainly propane—for home heating. The commercial sector, which includes government buildings, hospitals, schools, and shopping centers, accounts for 4% of the state's petroleum use.^47,48,49

Natural gas

North Dakota has 2% of the nation's total natural gas reserves, and the state accounts for about 3% of U.S. total natural gas gross withdrawals.^50,51 Natural gas was produced in North Dakota as early as 1892, but significant commercial production was not established until 1929, when development of a Montana natural gas field extended into North Dakota. Sporadic development of the state's natural gas resources continued between the mid-1940s and the early 1980s.⁵² North Dakota's natural gas production remained below 85 billion cubic feet per year until 2008, when output began to increase rapidly because of the associated gas produced from the development of Bakken shale oil resources. Gross withdrawals of natural gas in the state exceeded 1 trillion cubic feet for the first time in 2019 and reached a record high of almost 1.3 trillion cubic feet in 2024.^53,54

North Dakota natural gas production exceeds the state's takeaway pipeline capacity. New natural gas processing plant capacity and pipelines are coming online to handle more of the state's natural gas output.^{55,56,57,58,59} To reduce the amount of natural gas that is burned off in a process known as flaring, North Dakota's Industrial Commission set incremental targets over several years to increase the amount of natural gas that is captured. In mid-2025 about 96% of the state's natural gas production was captured statewide, which exceeded the state's 91% target capture rate.^60,61,62 North Dakota has no underground natural gas storage fields.⁶³ In 2021, the state's legislature passed legislation that gives North Dakota's Industrial Commission the authority to issue permits for underground storage sites that can hold natural gas, natural gas liquids, or crude oil.^64,65

Natural gas enters North Dakota primarily from Canada and Montana and almost all of it continues on to South Dakota and Minnesota.⁶⁶ In recent years, more than half of the total natural gas consumed in North Dakota was used in the production, processing, and distribution of natural gas in the state. Of the record amount of total natural gas delivered to the state's end users in 2024, about 44% went to the industrial sector. The electric power sector made up 30% of North Dakota's natural gas end-use consumption in 2024, with natural gas use by power plants reaching a record high. The commercial sector accounted for 15% of the natural gas delivered in the state. North Dakota's residential sector accounted for 11% of natural gas use, where 4 in 10 state households rely on natural gas for heating.^67,68

Coal

North Dakota is the sixth-largest coal-producing state in the nation and accounts for about 5% of U.S. total coal output.⁶⁹ The state has almost 3% of U.S. economically recoverable coal reserves.⁷⁰ Western North Dakota contains the world's largest known deposit of lignite, which has the lowest heating value of all coal types and is used mostly to generate electricity. Coal has been mined at hundreds of sites in North Dakota since the 1870s, but now lignite is produced at only four active surface mines in the west-central part of the state. Oxidized lignite (leonardite), which is used in soil stabilization and as a drilling fluid additive, is also mined in North Dakota.^71,72,73

All of North Dakota's mined lignite is used within the state by electricity generating plants and industrial users.⁷⁴ Industrial facilities and commercial users in the state also receive small amounts of coal by rail and truck from Montana and Wyoming.⁷⁵ In addition, North Dakota uses coal to produce synthetic natural gas. The Great Plains Synfuels Plant in Beulah, North Dakota, converts about 18,000 tons of lignite into an average 170 million cubic feet of pipeline-quality natural gas each day.⁷⁶

Electricity

Coal-fired power plants accounted for 54% of North Dakota's electricity generation in 2024, and the state's four largest power plants by generating capacity and five largest by the amount of electricity produced annually are coal-fired.^77,78 The rest of the state's electricity generation came primarily from wind energy, which accounted for 35% of in-state generation, natural gas that accounted for 7%, and hydroelectric power, which accounted for about 5% of in-state generation. The state does not have any nuclear power plants.⁷⁹ Independent power producers account for about one-fifth of North Dakota's electricity generation from utility-scale facilities (1 megawatt or larger capacity), and all of it is wind power.⁸⁰

North Dakota generates more electricity than it consumes, and nearly one-third of the power generated in the state is sent to other states and Canada via the regional electric grid.⁸¹ Several high-voltage electric transmission lines connect North Dakota to Minnesota, Montana, South Dakota, and beyond. Several electric transmission lines also cross at North Dakota's border with Canada.⁸²

North Dakota ranks among the one-fourth of states with the lowest total electricity sales. However, because of its small population and heavy electricity use in its energy-intensive industrial sector, the state has the highest per capita electricity sales.⁸³ In 2024, the industrial sector was North Dakota's leading electricity consumer, making up nearly half of the power sales in the state, followed by the commercial sector, which accounted for about two-fifths. The residential sector, where about 4 out of every 10 households heat with electricity, accounted for about one-sixth of the state's electricity sales.^84,85 As of mid-2025, North Dakota had almost 100 public electric vehicle charging locations. Most of these charging locations are located in North Dakota's major cities of Fargo, Bismarck, and Grand Forks.^86,87

Renewable energy

Renewable energy sources generated 40% of North Dakota's in-state electricity in 2024, almost all it from wind energy. Wind power generation more than doubled in the state during the past decade. In 2024, wind provided about one-third of the state's net generation. The state ranked sixth in the nation in the share of its electricity generated from wind energy.^88,89 At the beginning of 2025, North Dakota had about 4,500 megawatts of installed wind power generating capacity. Of the state's top 10 power plants by generation, 2 are wind powered. The state's largest wind farm, located near Williston, has about 300 megawatts of generating capacity and began operating in early 2021. Two wind farms with a combined capacity of 450 megawatts are scheduled to come online at the end of 2025.^90,91

Hydropower contributed about 5% of North Dakota's in-state electricity generation in 2024.⁹² The state's sixth-largest power plant based on generation is at the Garrison Dam located on the Missouri River northwest of Bismarck. Construction of the Garrison Dam in the 1950s significantly reduced the extent of serious flooding in the state.^93,94 The 510-megawatt Garrison generating facility is North Dakota's only utility-scale hydroelectric plant.⁹⁵ A small amount of electricity can also be generated from the state's one utility-scale biomass-fueled facility, a 10-megawatt industrial unit that is typically on standby to provide back-up power.⁹⁶

North Dakota has moderate solar energy resources, but there is only a small amount of customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt in capacity) electricity generation from solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems, most of which comes from rooftop solar panels. North Dakota is the only state that has no utility-scale solar power generating facilities.^97,98,99 The western half of North Dakota has moderately favorable conditions for geothermal development, but the state has no utility-scale electricity generation from geothermal energy.^100,101 North Dakota's geothermal resources are used for direct applications, such as heating and cooling homes, schools, and other public buildings.¹⁰²

North Dakota is one of the top 10 fuel ethanol-producing states, and it manufactures about 3% of the nation's total ethanol. The state's five ethanol production plants use mainly corn as feedstock and together can produce 543 million gallons of ethanol per year.^103,104,105 The state also has one biodiesel production plant that uses canola oil as its primary feedstock and has a production capacity of 85 million gallons per year.^106,107,108

In 2007, North Dakota adopted a voluntary renewable energy goal. By 2015, electricity providers were to obtain 10% of the power they sold in the state from renewably sourced generation or by recovering energy that is normally lost and using it to generate electricity.¹⁰⁹ The 10% goal was met several years early and the state's renewable generation is now four times greater than the goal.¹¹⁰ In 1991, North Dakota was one of the first states with a net metering program to allow households and businesses with small renewable energy systems and combined heat-and-power systems that are up to 100 kilowatts in capacity to sell their excess electricity generated to investor-owned utilities.¹¹¹

Energy on tribal lands

North Dakota is home to five federally recognized Native American tribes and one Indian community.¹¹² Two of the five reservations—Standing Rock and Fort Berthold—are among the nation's largest reservations at about 1.2 million acres each.¹¹³ About 30,000 Native Americans live in North Dakota, making up about 5% of the state's population, and about 2% of the state's land area is tribal lands.^114,115

The Native American tribes of North Dakota have shared in the state's increased crude oil production. In 2024, crude oil production from all tribal lands accounted for about 6 out of 100 barrels produced on federal leases and tribal lands combined, and much of that production came from wells on North Dakota tribal lands. The Fort Berthold Reservation, home to the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara nations—known as the Three Affiliated Tribes—is in the center of the prolific oil-producing Williston Basin in the western part of North Dakota.^116,117,118 The wells on the Fort Berthold Reservation, which is the largest reservation in the state, typically produce about 14% of the state's monthly oil output.^119,120,121 The Affiliated Tribes drilled the first tribe-owned wells on the reservation in 2015.¹²² In June 2023, the tribes purchased a 31-mile pipeline that is connected to a major nearby interstate crude oil pipeline, which can transport 15,000 barrels per day of the tribe's crude oil produced on the Fort Berthold Reservation to U.S. markets.^123,124 The Affiliated Tribes uses the captured natural gas from oil wells on the reservation for heat and electricity generation at new greenhouses constructed to grow almost 2 million pounds of vegetables a year.^125,126

North Dakota's reservations have significant renewable resources. A 2020 report from Sandia National Laboratories found that the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians' reservation, located in north-central North Dakota near the Canadian border, had sufficient wind energy resources to provide electricity to the tribe's casino and resort hotel.¹²⁷ The Standing Rock Sioux Reservation is rated among the top 10 tribal lands in the nation with the best wind and solar resources for potential electricity generation.¹²⁸ The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe plans to build a 235-megawatt wind farm. The tribe received a $725,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Commerce to pay for the evaluation and design of the proposed wind farm.^129,130,131 The tribe received a separate federal grant in 2021 to install public charging stations on the reservation for electric vehicles.¹³² The Spirit Lake Tribe on the Fort Totten Reservation received a U.S. Department of Energy grant in August 2018 to help pay for a 1.5-megawatt wind turbine to provide most of the electricity used by 12 tribal facilities and 350 residential consumers.^133,134

Endnotes

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, Year-end 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 6, Crude oil and lease condensate proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2023 and Table 8, Natural gas, wet after lease separation, proved reserves, reserves changes, by state and areas, 2023.
² U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, WindExchange, Wind Energy in North Dakota, Maps & Data, accessed August 18, 2025.
³ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels per Day, 2019-24.
⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2023.
⁵ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, Year-end 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 8.
⁶ Enz, John W., North Dakota Topographic, Climatic, and Agricultural Overview (January 16, 2003).
⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), North Dakota, annual, 2001-24.
⁸ U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2024 State Agriculture Overview, North Dakota.
⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2023.
¹⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F36, Population, GDP, and Degree Days, 2023.
¹¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2023.
¹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
¹³ U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2023, Table 2.1, Selected Measures for Identifying Peer States.
¹⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
¹⁵ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGPD2 GDP in current dollars, North Dakota, All statistics in table, 2023.
¹⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2023.
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¹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P2, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2023.
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²¹ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels per Day, 2019-24.
²² Bluemle, John P., The 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of Oil in North Dakota, Miscellaneous Series No. 89, North Dakota Geological Survey (2001), p. i.
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²⁹ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 20, 2025), Table 1, Number and Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by PAD District and State as of January 1, 2025, Table 13, Refineries Permanently Shutdown by PAD District Between January 1, 1990 and January 1, 2025.
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³¹ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels per Day, 2019-24.
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⁹¹ U.S. EIA, North Dakota Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2B, available in XLSX format.
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⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2025, Plant State: North Dakota, Technology: Other Waste Biomass.
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⁹⁸ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Solar Resource Maps and Data, Direct Normal Solar Irradiance Map, North Dakota, February 22, 2018.
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (July 2025), Table 1.17.B.
¹⁰⁰ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Geothermal Resource Maps, Geothermal Resources of the United States—Identified Hydrothermal Sites and Favorability of Deep Enhanced Geothermal Systems, North Dakota, February 22, 2018.
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