Last Updated: July 20, 2023

Overview

North Dakota has substantial fossil fuel and renewable energy resources.^1,2,3 The state is the third-largest crude oil producer in the nation and has significant coal and natural gas reserves.^4,5,6,7 Located at the geographic center of North America, North Dakota has a climate characterized by large temperature differences, varied precipitation, plentiful sunshine, low humidity, and nearly continuous wind. North Dakota's rolling plains slope gently upward to the west toward the Rocky Mountains. Two major river systems, the Missouri River and the Red River, flow through North Dakota, and a large federal dam on the Missouri River harnesses its hydropower. Winds move unobstructed across the state, providing a renewable resource that generates a growing share of the state's electricity. ^8,9,10 North Dakota's rich soils produce many crops, including corn used for ethanol production.¹¹ The state is among the top 10 ethanol and biodiesel producers in the nation.¹² North Dakota's abundant sunshine provides the energy for the state's small, but increasing, amount of solar generation.¹³

North Dakota has the fourth-lowest population and is one of five states with less than 1 million people.¹⁴ In part because of the state's small population, North Dakota's total energy consumption ranks among the lowest one-fourth of the states. However, North Dakota's energy consumption per capita and the amount of energy needed to produce each dollar of GDP rank among the top four states, in part because of its energy-intensive industrial sector, high vehicle miles traveled per capita, and relatively cold climate. North Dakota has the second-highest energy consumption per capita of any state's industrial, commercial, and residential sectors and the third-highest for the transportation sector.^15,16,17 The industrial sector accounts for almost three-fifths of the state's total energy consumption.¹⁸ The energy-intensive oil and natural gas extraction industries, mining that includes coal production, and agriculture are major contributors to the state's economy.¹⁹ The transportation sector accounts for about one-fifth of total energy consumption in the state. The commercial sector accounts for about one-eighth, and the residential sector makes up about one-tenth.²⁰

North Dakota's total energy production is about six times greater than its energy consumption.²¹ A surge in energy production over the past decade—except for a slowdown during the Covid-19 global pandemic—has come from the development of the state's oil reserves.²² Crude oil accounts for slightly more than half of North Dakota's total primary energy production. Natural gas makes up about one-third of the state's energy production, coal is nearly one-twelfth, and renewable energy, including biofuels, accounts for the remaining 6%.²³

Petroleum

North Dakota ranks third in the nation, after Texas and New Mexico, in both crude oil reserves and production.^24,25 Oil exploration in North Dakota began in the early 20th century, but the state's first oil discovery did not occur until 1951.²⁶ Production was modest until new drilling technologies—horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing—were applied more than a decade ago to exploration of the Bakken Shale formation in western North Dakota in the Williston Basin. The Williston Basin is an area of several hundred thousand square miles that includes parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan.²⁷ The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that up to 3.3 billion barrels of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil are in the Bakken formation and much of that oil is in North Dakota.²⁸ About 20 of the nation's 100 largest oil fields, as measured by proved reserves, are in North Dakota.²⁹

From 2012 to 2020, North Dakota was the nation's second-largest crude oil-producing state. After reaching record volume in 2019, the state's oil output declined each year from 2020 to 2022. New Mexico surpassed North Dakota in 2021 to take the No. 2 spot. North Dakota's crude oil production decline was mainly due to the drop in petroleum demand and drilling activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the state's crude oil production in 2022 was still more than three times higher than in 2010.^30,31,32,33

North Dakota's one operating oil refinery can process about 71,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, which is less than one-tenth of the state's daily crude oil production. A smaller refinery, with an operating capacity of 19,000 barrels per calendar day, shut down in June 2020, and converted into a renewable diesel production plant.^34,35 A planned refinery, near Belfield in the west-central part of the state, with a capacity of nearly 50,000 barrels per calendar day, could accommodate Bakken crude oil production.^36,37 During the past decade, most of North Dakota's crude oil production was transported out of the state by rail. But new pipelines built in recent years resulted in more oil takeaway pipeline capacity than rail car capacity.^38,39,40 By mid-2023, nearly 9 out of 10 barrels of crude oil produced in the state was transported by pipeline.⁴¹ North Dakota is also a U.S. entrance point for pipelines carrying Canada's crude oil.⁴² Oil from Canada is transported via pipeline to Midwest refining centers and to the crude oil market hub at Cushing, Oklahoma, as well as to refineries on the Gulf Coast.⁴³

Relatively little of the crude oil produced in North Dakota is used in the state. However, the state's petroleum consumption per capita is among the top five in the nation. The transportation sector accounts for almost three-fifths of North Dakota's petroleum consumption and the industrial sector uses one-third.^44,45,46 Conventional motor gasoline without ethanol is allowed to be sold statewide, although most U.S. gasoline contains at least 10% ethanol.^47,48 There also are about 40 public fueling stations in the state that sell E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% motor gasoline.⁴⁹ North Dakota has the fifth-highest per capita motor gasoline expenditures among the states.⁵⁰ About 5% of the petroleum used in North Dakota is consumed by the residential sector, where about one in six households uses petroleum products—including propane, fuel oil, and kerosene—for home heating. North Dakota has the twelfth-highest share, 16%, of petroleum use for home heating among the states. The commercial sector, which includes government buildings, hospitals, schools, and shopping centers, accounts for 4% of the state's petroleum use.^51,52,53

Natural gas

North Dakota has almost 2% of the nation's total natural gas reserves, and the state accounts for slightly more than 2% of U.S. total natural gas gross withdrawals.^54,55 Natural gas was produced in North Dakota as early as 1892, but significant commercial production was not established until 1929, when development of a Montana natural gas field extended into North Dakota. Sporadic development of the state's natural gas resources continued between the mid-1940s and the early 1980s.⁵⁶ Production remained below 85 billion cubic feet per year until 2008, when output began to increase rapidly because of the associated gas produced from the development of Bakken shale oil resources. Gross withdrawals of natural gas in the state exceeded 1 trillion cubic feet for the first time in 2019, but dropped in 2020 due to lower U.S. natural gas demand resulting from a warmer winter in 2020 and the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, North Dakota's total natural gas production increased as natural gas prices rose and output surpassed 1 trillion cubic feet again to reach a record high. The state's natural gas production fell slightly in 2022, but still topped 1 trillion cubic feet. Natural gas output was on track in early 2023 to hit record volumes for the year.^57,58

North Dakota natural gas production exceeds the state's takeaway pipeline capacity. New natural gas processing plant capacity and pipelines are coming online to handle more of the state's natural gas output, and North Dakota regulators encourage the construction of petrochemical plants in the state to use the natural gas recovered from Bakken crude oil production.^{59,60,61,62,63} To reduce the state's emissions from natural gas that is burned off (flaring), North Dakota's Industrial Commission set incremental targets over several years to increase the amount of natural gas that is captured. In 2022 about 94% of the state's natural gas production was captured, which exceeded the state's 91% target capture rate.^64,65,66 North Dakota has no underground natural gas storage fields.⁶⁷ In 2021, the state's legislature passed legislation that gives North Dakota's Industrial Commission the authority to issue permits for underground storage sites that can hold natural gas, natural gas liquids, or crude oil.^68,69

Natural gas enters North Dakota primarily from Canada and Montana and most of it continues on to South Dakota and Minnesota. About 66% more natural gas leaves the state than enters it.⁷⁰ In recent years, more than half of the total natural gas consumed in North Dakota was used in the production, processing, and distribution of natural gas. Of the natural gas delivered to the state's end users in 2022, just under half went to the industrial sector. The commercial sector accounted for one-fifth of the natural gas consumed in the state. The electric power sector made up about one-sixth of North Dakota's natural gas consumption in 2022, as natural gas use by power plants nearly doubled since 2017. North Dakota's residential sector also accounted for about one-sixth of natural gas use, with 4 in 10 North Dakota households relying on natural gas for heating.^71,72

Coal

North Dakota is the sixth-largest coal-producing state in the nation and accounts for about 5% of U.S. coal output.⁷³ The state has about 3% of U.S. economically recoverable coal reserves.⁷⁴ Western North Dakota contains the world's largest known deposit of lignite, which has the lowest heating value of all coal types and is mostly used to generate electricity. Coal has been mined at hundreds of sites in North Dakota since the 1870s, but now only lignite is produced at five active surface mines in the west-central part of the state. Oxidized lignite (leonardite), which is used in soil stabilization and as a drilling fluid additive, is also mined in North Dakota.^75,76,77

All of North Dakota's mined lignite is used within the state by electricity generating plants and industrial users.⁷⁸ The state's four largest power plants are coal-fired and are clustered near the coal mines in the center of the state, north of Bismarck.^79,80 Industrial facilities and commercial users in the state also receive small amounts of coal by rail and truck from Montana and Wyoming.⁸¹ In addition, North Dakota uses coal to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG). The only operating coal-to-SNG facility in the nation is the Great Plains Synfuels Plant in Beulah, North Dakota, where lignite can be converted into an average of 150 million cubic feet of pipeline-quality natural gas each day.⁸²

Electricity

Coal-fired power plants accounted for 55% of North Dakota's electricity generation in 2022, and the state's four largest power plants by generating capacity and amount of electricity produced annually are coal-fired.^83,84 The rest of the state's electricity generation came primarily from renewable resources, including wind energy, which supplied about 37% of generation, and hydroelectric power, which provided about 5%. Natural gas fueled about 3% of the state's electricity generation. The state does not have any nuclear power plants.⁸⁵ Independent power producers account for about one-fourth of North Dakota's electricity generation from utility-scale facilities (1 megawatt or larger capacity), and all of it is wind power.⁸⁶

North Dakota generates more electricity than it consumes, and about two-thirds of the power generated in the state is sent to other states and Canada via the regional electric grid.⁸⁷ Several high-voltage electric transmission lines connect North Dakota to Minnesota, Montana, South Dakota, and beyond. There are also several electric transmission line crossings at North Dakota's border with Canada.⁸⁸

North Dakota ranks among the 10 states with the lowest total electricity sales. However, because of its small population and strong electricity use in its energy-intensive industrial sector, the state has the highest per capita electricity sales.⁸⁹ The industrial sector is North Dakota's leading electricity consumer, accounting for about half of retail power sales in the state, followed by the commercial sector, which accounts for three-tenths. The residential sector, where 4 out of every 10 households heat with electricity, accounts for about one-fifth of the state's electricity sales.^90,91

Renewable energy

North Dakota has substantial and nearly continuous wind energy resources. Wind power generation more than doubled in the state from 2016 to 2022. In 2022, wind was the second-largest electricity generating source in North Dakota and provided nearly two-fifths of the state's net generation. The state ranked fourth in the nation in the share of its electricity generated from wind energy.^92,93 At the beginning of 2023, North Dakota had about 4,300 megawatts of installed wind power generating capacity. The state's largest wind farm, located near Williston, has 300 megawatts of generating capacity and came online in early 2021. A 400-megawatt wind farm, which will located about 50 miles north of Bismarck, is scheduled to come online in late 2025.⁹⁴

Hydropower contributed 5% of North Dakota's in-state electricity net generation in 2022.⁹⁵ The state's fifth-largest power plant based on generating capacity is at the Garrison Dam located on the Missouri River northwest of Bismarck. Construction of the Garrison Dam in the 1950s significantly reduced the extent of serious flooding in the state.^96,97 The 510-megawatt Garrison generating facility is North Dakota's only utility-scale hydroelectric plant.^98,99 A small amount of electricity is also generated from the state's one biomass-fueled facility, a 10-megawatt industrial unit that provides back-up power supply.¹⁰⁰

North Dakota has undeveloped renewable energy resources, including geothermal and solar energy.¹⁰¹ The state has moderate solar energy resources, but there is only a small amount of customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt in capacity) electricity generation from solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems, most of which comes from rooftop solar panels. North Dakota is one of two states, along with West Virginia, that has no utility-scale solar power generating facilities.^102,103,104 The western half of North Dakota has moderately favorable conditions for geothermal development, but the state has no electricity generation from geothermal energy.^105,106 North Dakota's geothermal resources are used for direct applications, such as heating and cooling homes, schools, and other public buildings.¹⁰⁷

North Dakota is one of the top 10 fuel ethanol-producing states, and it manufactures about 3.5% of the nation's total ethanol. The state's six ethanol production plants use mainly corn as feedstock and together can produce about 547 million gallons of ethanol per year.^108,109,110 One of the plants uses waste from sugar beet production and potato processing to make ethanol.¹¹¹ The state also has one biodiesel production plant that uses canola oil as its primary feedstock and has a production capacity of 85 million gallons per year.^112,113

In March 2007, North Dakota adopted a voluntary renewable energy goal. By 2015, electricity providers were to obtain 10% of the power they sold in the state from renewable-source generation or by recovering energy that is normally lost and using it to generate electricity.¹¹⁴ The goal has been exceeded. In 2022, about 42% of the electricity generated in North Dakota came from renewable energy sources.¹¹⁵ In 1991, North Dakota was one of the first states with a net metering program to allow households and businesses with small renewable energy systems and combined heat-and-power systems up to 100 kilowatts in capacity to sell their excess electricity to investor-owned utilities.¹¹⁶ As of early 2023, North Dakota had 2 megawatts of total solar power generating capacity installed, the smallest amount among the states.¹¹⁷

Energy on tribal lands

North Dakota is home to five federally recognized Native American tribes and one Indian community.¹¹⁸ Two of the five reservations—Standing Rock and Fort Berthold—are among the nation's largest reservations at about 1.2 million acres each.¹¹⁹ There are about 30,000 Native Americans living in North Dakota, making up about 5% of the state's population, and about 2% of the state's land area is tribal lands.^120,121

The Native American tribes of North Dakota have shared in the state's increased crude oil production. In 2022, crude oil production from all tribal lands accounted for about 7 out of 100 barrels produced in the United States, and much of that production came from wells on North Dakota tribal lands. The Fort Berthold Reservation, home to the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara nations—known as the Three Affiliated Tribes—is in the center of the prolific oil-producing Williston Basin in the western part of North Dakota.^122,123 The wells on the Fort Berthold Reservation, which is the largest reservation in the state, typically produce about 15% of the state's monthly oil output.^124,125,126 The Affiliated Tribes drilled the first tribe-owned wells on the reservation in 2015.¹²⁷ In June 2023, the tribes purchased a 31-mile pipeline that is connected to a major nearby interstate crude oil pipeline, which will transport 15,000 barrels per day of the tribe's crude oil produced on the Fort Berthold Reservation to U.S. markets.^128,129 In 2021, the Affiliated Tribes used the captured natural gas from oil wells on the reservation for heat and electricity generation at new greenhouses constructed to grow vegetables.¹³⁰

North Dakota's reservations have significant renewable resources. A 2020 report from Sandia National Laboratories found that the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians' reservation, located in north-central North Dakota near the Canadian border, had sufficient wind energy resources to provide electricity to the tribe's casino and resort hotel.¹³¹ The Standing Rock Sioux Reservation is rated among the top 10 tribal lands in the nation with the best wind and solar resources for potential electricity generation.¹³² The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe plans to build a 235-megawatt wind farm. The tribe received a $725,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Commerce to pay for the evaluation and design of the proposed wind farm.^133,134,135 The tribe received a separate federal grant in 2021 to install public charging stations on the reservation for electric vehicles.¹³⁶ The Spirit Lake Tribe on the Fort Totten Reservation received a U.S. Department of Energy grant in August 2018 to help pay for a 1.5-megawatt wind turbine to provide most of the electricity used by 12 tribal facilities and 350 residential consumers.^137,138

Energy efficiency projects have been undertaken on tribal lands in North Dakota as well. The Fort Totten School on the Spirit Lake Indian Reservation was the first net zero-energy school on tribal lands in the nation and the first anywhere in North Dakota. The school produces more energy than it consumes. The design of the school includes solar PV panels; ground-source geothermal heating and cooling; high-efficiency heat pumps; an energy recovery system; occupancy sensors; and LED and solar tube lighting, among other features.¹³⁹

Endnotes

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2016-21.
² U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Dry Natural Gas and Wet NG, 2016-21.
³ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, WindExchange, Wind Energy in North Dakota, Maps & Data, accessed June 19, 2023.
⁴ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels per Day, 2017-22.
⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2021.
⁶ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
⁷ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Wet NG, 2016-21.
⁸ Enz, John W., North Dakota Topographic, Climatic, and Agricultural Overview (January 16, 2003).
⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F34, Population, GDP, and Degree Days, 2021.
¹⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, North Dakota, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2019-22.
¹¹ U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2022 State Agriculture Overview, North Dakota.
¹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, North Dakota, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2019-22.
¹⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F34, Population, GDP, and Degree Days, 2021.
¹⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Energy Consumption per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹⁷ Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2020, Travel Measures, Total Per Capita.
¹⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹⁹ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in current dollars, NAICS, North Dakota, All statistics in table, 2021.
²⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
²¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2021.
²² U.S. EIA, North Dakota Field Production of Crude Oil, 1981-2022.
²³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P2, Energy Production Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2021.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2016-21.
²⁵ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels per Day, 2017-22.
²⁶ Bluemle, John P., The 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of Oil in North Dakota, Miscellaneous Series No. 89, North Dakota Geological Survey (2001), p. i.
²⁷ North Dakota Geological Survey, "Overview of the Petroleum Geology of the North Dakota Williston Basin," accessed June 20, 2023.
²⁸ U.S. Geological Survey, "Assessment of Undiscovered Continuous Oil Resources in the Bakken and Three Forks Formations of the Williston Basin Province, North Dakota and Montana, 2021," accessed June 20, 2023.
²⁹ U.S. EIA, Top 100 U.S. Oil and Gas Fields (March 2015).
³⁰ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels per Day, 1981-2022.
³¹ U.S. EIA, "U.S. crude oil production fell by 8% in 2020, the largest annual decrease on record," Today in Energy (December 22, 2021).
³² U.S. EIA, "The number of active U.S. crude oil and natural gas rigs is at the lowest point on record," Today in Energy (May 20, 2020).
³³ North Dakota Industrial Commission, Department of Mineral Resources, ND Monthly Bakken Oil Production Statistics, accessed June 20, 2023.
³⁴ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 21, 2023), Table 1, Number and Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by PAD District and State as of January 1, 2023, Table 13, Refineries Permanently Shutdown By PAD District Between January 1, 1990 and January 1, 2023.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels per Day, 2017-22.
³⁶ Meridian Energy Group, Davis Refinery, accessed June 20, 2023.
³⁷ Willis, Adam, "Construction of oil refinery to start in 2022 near North Dakota's only national park, CEO says," The Dickinson Press (September 14, 2021).
³⁸ U.S. EIA, Movements by Pipeline, Tanker, Barge and Rail between PAD Districts, Crude Oil, From PADD 2 to, Annual- Thousand Barrels, 2017-22.
³⁹ North Dakota Pipeline Authority, Oil Transportation Table, accessed June 20, 2023.
⁴⁰ North Dakota Pipeline Authority, North Dakota Crude Oil Pipelines, accessed June 20, 2023.
⁴¹ North Dakota Pipeline Authority, Monthly Update June 2023 Production & Transportation (June 13, 2023), p. 2.
⁴² U.S. Department of Energy, Table 1, Points of Entry/Exit, Pipeline Points of Entry/Exit: Canada, accessed June 20, 2023.
⁴³ TC Energy, Oils and Liquids Operations, Overview, accessed June 20, 2023.
⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production-Annual, Thousand Barrels, 2017-22.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁴⁷ American Petroleum Institute, U.S. Gasoline Requirements (January 2018).
⁴⁸ U.S. EIA, "More ethanol was blended into U.S. gasoline last summer than ever before," Today in Energy (December 1, 2022).
⁴⁹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, North Dakota, Ethanol (E85), accessed June 20, 2023.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Table E20, Motor Gasoline Price and Expenditure Estimates, Ranked by State, 2021.
⁵¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁵² U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, North Dakota.
⁵³ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Use of energy explained, updated June 13, 2022.
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2017-22.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Wet NG, 2016-21.
⁵⁶ North Dakota Geological Survey, "Overview of the Petroleum Geology of the North Dakota Williston Basin," accessed June 21, 2023.
⁵⁷ U.S. EIA, North Dakota Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 1967-2022.
⁵⁸ U.S. EIA, North Dakota Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals from Shale Gas, Annual, 2007-21.
⁵⁹ MacPherson, James, "Gas pipeline, processing plant proposed in North Dakota," Associated Press (January 8, 2020).
⁶⁰ Edwards, Suzanne, "North Dakota Considering Petrochemical Plants to Reduce Bakken's Flared Natural Gas," Shale Daily (October 25, 2019).
⁶¹ North Dakota Pipeline Authority, Gas Plants, Natural Gas Processing Capacity, Million Cubic Feet Per Day, accessed June 21, 2023.
⁶² North Dakota Pipeline Authority, North Dakota Natural Gas Pipelines, updated February 2019.
⁶³ U.S. EIA, "FERC approves new natural gas pipeline projects to increase U.S. exports," Today in Energy (May 24, 2022).
⁶⁴ U.S. EIA, "North Dakota's natural gas producers meet the state's natural gas capture target," Today in Energy (December 8, 2021).
⁶⁵ North Dakota Industrial Commission, Order 24665 Policy/Guidance Version 041718, p. 2.
⁶⁶ North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources, North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources February Director's Cut and December 2022 Production Numbers (February 16, 2023), Gas Production and Capture, p. 1.
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, 2016-21.
⁶⁸ Nemec, Rich, "North Dakota Examining Potential for Bakken Natural Gas, Liquids Storage," Shale Daily (December 17, 2020).
⁶⁹ Sisk, Amy, "Gas Storage Bills Heads to Governor," The Bismarck Tribune (April 19, 2021).
⁷⁰ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, North Dakota, 1979-2021.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, North Dakota, Annual, 2017-21.
⁷² U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, North Dakota.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2021.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
⁷⁵ North Dakota Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of North Dakota: Coal, accessed June 21, 2023.
⁷⁶ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Coal Explained, Types of Coal, updated October 19, 2022.
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 2, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State, County, and Mine Type, 2021.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Domestic Distribution of U.S. coal by origin state, North Dakota, Table OS-16, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2021.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, North Dakota Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A, 2B.
⁸⁰ U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, All Energy Infrastructure and Resources, North Dakota, accessed June 21, 2023.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by destination state, North Dakota, Table DS-30, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2021.
⁸² Great Plains Synfuels, Dakota Gasification Company, Gasification, About Us, accessed June 21, 2023.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, North Dakota, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2019-22.
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, North Dakota Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A, 2B.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, North Dakota, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2019-22.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Tables 1.3.B, 1.14.B.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, North Dakota Electricity Profile 2021, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2021.
⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, All Energy Infrastructure and Resources, North Dakota, accessed June 22, 2023.
⁸⁹ U.S. EIA, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
⁹⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, North Dakota, Retail sales of electricity, annual, 2019-22.
⁹¹ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, North Dakota.
⁹² U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Tables 1.3.B, 1.14.B.
⁹³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, North Dakota, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-22.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: North Dakota, Technology: Onshore Wind; Inventory of Planned Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: North Dakota, Technology: Onshore Wind.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, North Dakota, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2019-22.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, North Dakota Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A, 2B.
⁹⁷ Enz, John W., North Dakota Topographic, Climatic, and Agricultural Overview (January 16, 2003), Topographic Features.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: North Dakota, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
⁹⁹ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Facts about Garrison Dam and Powerhouse, accessed June 22, 2023.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: North Dakota, Technology: Other Waste Biomass.
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, North Dakota Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Geothermal Potential, accessed June 22, 2023.
¹⁰² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, North Dakota, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2019-22.
¹⁰³ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Solar Resource Maps and Data, U.S. Annual Solar GHI, North Dakota, February 22, 2018.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, All states, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2019-22.
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