Overview

Table 1. UAE’s energy overview, 2024
	Crude oil and other petroleum liquids	Natural gas	Coal	Nuclear	Hydro	Renewables and other	Total
Primary energy consumption (quad Btu)	1.9	2.7	0.1	0.4		0.0	5.0
Primary energy consumption (%)	37%	53%	2%	8%		1%	100%
Primary energy production (quad Btu)	9.2	2.2	0.0	0.4		0.0	11.8
Primary energy production (%)	78%	19%	0%	0%		0%	100%
Electricity generation (GWh)	0.9	120.0	0.0	39.0	0.0	9.1	169.0
Electricity generation (%)	1%	71%	0%	23%	0%	5%	100%
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Statistics database Note: EIA aggregates hydroelectricity and renewables as renewables and other for primary energy production and consumption

Petroleum and other liquids

According to the latest estimates by OPEC’s 2026 Annual Statistical Bulletin, the UAE held an estimated 120 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves in 2025.⁷
The UAE produces a variety of crude oil grades: its two main export grades are Murban and Upper Zakum, which are light, relatively sour crude oil grades. Some of the UAE’s crude oil grades are included in the collection (or basket) of crude oils that make up the Dubai/Oman benchmark, one of three major international price benchmarks (Table 2).⁸

Table 2. Selected crude oil grades produced in the UAE
Crude oil grade	API gravity number (degrees)	Sulfur content (percentage)
Das	39.1	1.14%
Dubai	30.4	2.13%
Murban	40.0	0.77%
Umm Lulu	38.9	0.70%
Upper Zakum	33.2	2.09%
Data source: Platts S&P Global, Commodity Insights

The UAE produced an average of almost 4.0 million barrels per day (b/d) of liquid fuels from 2016 to 2025. Crude oil and condensate production in the UAE had been increasing steadily and rose to approximately 3.4 million b/d in 2019 (Figure 2). In 2020, the UAE began to curb its crude oil production following the slowdown in global economic activity caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 and the April 2020 agreement among OPEC+ member countries to significantly limit their crude oil production. As the voluntary production cuts were gradually unwound, the UAE produced more crude oil. In 2025, the UAE’s crude oil and condensate production reached 3.8 million b/d.⁹

Figure 2. Total annual liquid fuels production and consumption in the UAE, 2016–2025

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The UAE government has set a target of increasing crude oil production capacity to 5 million b/d by 2027. To achieve this goal, the government has made efforts to boost upstream exploration and development. UAE’s national oil company, the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), also plans capital expenditure of $150 billion for the years 2026 to 2030 and unveiled expansion plans for increasing production at oil fields such as the Nasr, Upper Zakum, and Lower Zakum fields.¹⁰ According to Energy Intelligence, ADNOC reported that its official production capacity is 4.85 million b/d, which is significantly higher than EIA’s 2025 estimate of 4.15 million b/d and the International Energy Agency’s latest estimate of about 4.3 million b/d.¹¹
The UAE completed the construction of an underground crude oil storage facility in Fujairah in 2023 in what was reported as the world’s largest single storage project at the time of approval in 2019. The crude oil storage facility has a reported capacity of 42 million barrels and can store three different grades of crude oil, which provides the UAE more flexibility to export crude oil through its port and enable the country to boost its total production capacity to its target of 5 million b/d. The UAE also leases strategic crude oil storage sites in South Korea, Japan, and India, although the exact volumes stored in each location are unclear.¹²
The UAE currently operates the 1.8 million-b/d Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline that circumvents the Strait of Hormuz by transporting Murban crude oil from inside the strait to the port of Fujairah located just outside of Hormuz. ADNOC is constructing a second pipeline with a capacity of 1.5 million b/d that can allow crude oil to bypass the strait and expects the pipeline to be operational by 2027.¹³The UAE is one of the few Persian Gulf countries that can bypass the Strait of Hormuz chokepoint and has been able to continue producing and exporting some crude oil, albeit at a lower level than at the beginning of 2026, during the effective closure of the strait.
As of January 2026, there were five refineries operating in the UAE with a total capacity of 1,249 thousand b/d; the country’s sixth refinery, the 74,000 b/d Umm al-Nar refinery, was permanently shuttered in 2021 (Table 3).¹⁴ Ecomar Energy Solutions is pursuing an expansion project that could nearly triple capacity at its refinery in Fujairah to 62,000 b/d. The expansion project includes the construction of an additional crude oil distillation unit and new storage capacity.¹⁵ The Emirates National Oil Company (ENOC) is also considering a proposal to upgrade the Jebel Ali refinery in Dubai, which could potentially boost capacity at the refinery to 250,000 b/d. As of October 2025, the proposed upgrade plan was still in preliminary stages of development, and no completion date has been reported.¹⁶

Table 3. Refineries in the UAE
Refinery name	Location	Status	Owner	Nameplate capacity (thousand barrels per day)
Ruwais	Abu Dhabi	Operating	ADNOC	817
Jebel Ali	Dubai	Operating	Emirates National Oil Company (ENOC)	210
VTTI Fujairah FZC-1	Fujairah	Operating	VTTI	120
VTTI Fujairah FZC-2	Fujairah	Operating	VTTI	80
Ecomar	Fujairah	Operating	Ecomar	22
Total				1,249
Data source: Fitch Solutions Country Risk and Industry Research reports

Natural Gas

According to latest estimates in OPEC’s 2026 Annual Statistical Bulletin, the UAE held an estimated 297 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves in 2025.¹⁷
Dry natural gas production averaged about 2.0 Tcf between 2015 and 2024 while dry natural gas consumption averaged about 2.4 Tcf in the same period. Although the UAE exports natural gas in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG), it is a net importer of natural gas because domestic natural gas consumption exceeds production. The UAE relies on natural gas imports via pipeline or as LNG from other countries, primarily Qatar, to meet its domestic demand for natural gas (Figure 3).¹⁸

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The UAE is seeking to raise its natural gas production and become a net exporter of natural gas by 2030. To achieve this goal, it plans to develop some of its offshore natural gas fields in the Hail and Ghasha concessions as well as unconventional natural gas resources in the Ruwais Diyab concession. However, the country faces challenges in reaching its goal of becoming a net exporter because of rising domestic demand as well as technical and financial challenges to developing some of its natural gas fields, which produce highly sour natural gas. These fields have a relatively high proportion of acidic gases such as hydrogen sulfide, which is toxic and corrosive to certain metals and so must be separated during natural gas extraction and processing. The additional steps in processing sour natural gas make it more expensive and difficult to exploit these resources.¹⁹

According to the most recent data by the World Bank’s Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership, the UAE flared about 48 Bcf of natural gas in 2025, making the UAE the 15th-largest natural gas-flaring country in terms of annual natural gas-flaring volume for that year.²⁰

Electricity

While natural gas remains the dominant fuel source for electricity capacity and generation, solar and nuclear have become a significantly larger share of the country’s power generation mix over the past decade. Total electricity capacity in the UAE grew by about 16.8 gigawatts (GW) from 2015 to 2024. About 75% of total capacity in 2024 is derived from fossil fuels, primarily natural gas, while the remainder came from nuclear and solar energy sources. In a similar vein, total electricity generation in the UAE grew by about 41.6 gigawatthours (GWh) from 2015 to 2024. Much of this growth was driven by the increasing development and use of nuclear and solar energy for power generation; in 2024, 28% of total electricity generation was derived from nuclear and solar energy combined, up from less than 1% a decade ago (Figure 5 and Figure 6).²²

Coal use for power generation was phased out in 2022 when the Hassyan Energy Company, a joint venture between the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (51%) and a consortium comprised of ACWA Power, Harbin Electric, and the Silk Road Fund (49%), made a decision to convert the power generation units operating at the Hassyan power plant to solely use natural gas as a feedstock, in line with Dubai’s Clean Energy Strategy, which calls for reduced carbon emissions.²³

Figure 5. UAE's electricity capacity by fuel type, 2015-2024

Figure 6. UAE's net electricity generation by fuel type, 2015-2024

The growth of solar and nuclear energy in UAE’s power generation mix is due to efforts by the government to diversify its power generation mix and meet its growing domestic power generation needs. The UAE’s Net Zero 2050 Strategy is a comprehensive national action plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The Net Zero 2050 Strategy set emission reduction targets as well as strategic initiatives focusing on key sectors such as power, industry, transport, buildings, waste, and agriculture that aim to improve efficiency and increase deployment of renewable energy sources.²⁴

The Barakah power plant is the UAE’s first commercial nuclear power plant and is located in the Al Dhafra region, which is in the western part of the country. The first unit of the Barakah nuclear power plant went into commercial operation in 2020. The plant has a total capacity of 5.6 GW and became fully operational when it brought online the fourth and final planned unit in September 2024.²⁵

The share of solar power in UAE’s power generation mix has increased significantly over the past decade, as a result of UAE’s clean energy initiatives and strategic investments in solar energy for generation, such as the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park (Maktoum), a multiphase solar park that aims to add over 8 GW of total capacity upon completion in 2030. The Maktoum solar park is in its sixth phase of construction, and its total capacity will increase to about 4.7 GW by the end of 2026. In October 2025, Masdar, a clean energy company based in Abu Dhabi, began the construction of a 5.2 GW integrated solar power and battery storage plant that would enable the facility to provide electricity from a renewable source on a continuous basis, although the power plant will also deploy a 1 GW gas turbine to ensure electricity supply security for the facility. The project, estimated to cost about $6 billion, is being jointly developed by Masdar and state utility company Emirates Water and Electricity Company; Masdar aims for a completion date in 2027.²⁶

The Fujairah F3 power plant began commercial operations in July 2025, providing an additional 2.4 GW of total electricity capacity. The Fujairah F3 power plant is the largest combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plant in the UAE. The Fujairah F3 plant is located in the Fujairah water and electricity complex in Ras Al Qidfa; it is owned and operated by Fujairah Power Company F3, a joint venture comprised of the Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA), Mubadala Investment Company, Marubeni Corporation, and Hokuriku Electric Power Company.²⁷

Energy Trade

The UAE is a major exporter of crude oil and condensate, averaging about 3.1 million b/d of crude oil and condensate exports between 2022 and 2025, according to estimates by Vortexa. The UAE also imports crude oil and condensate to be used for domestic refining and consumption, and imports were around 280,000 b/d in 2025 (Figure 7).²⁸

Figure 7. UAE's total crude oil and condensate imports and exports, 2019–2025

According to Vortexa, the UAE exported about 3.2 million b/d of crude oil and condensate in 2025, nearly all of it (99%) going to the Asia and Oceania region. Japan and China were the top two importing countries by volume. Japan imported 778,000 b/d of UAE crude oil and condensate, and China imported 700,000 b/d. The remainder of UAE’s exports went to Europe, the United States, and Oman (Figure 8). The UAE’s imports of crude oil and condensate came from a wider range of countries, and Africa and the Middle East were the top two regions by volume. Libya and Qatar were the top two exporters of crude oil and condensate to the UAE by volume for their respective region (Figure 9).²⁹

Figure 8. UAE's crude oil and condensate exports by destination, 2025

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Figure 9. UAE's crude oil and condensate imports by origin, 2025

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The UAE imports and exports a wide range of petroleum products. According to estimates of trade flows by Vortexa, the UAE exported an average of 1.9 million b/d of petroleum products from 2019 to 2025; around 46% of total exports were either liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or naphtha (Figure 10). The UAE also imported an average of about 1.0 million b/d of petroleum products during the same period, about 82% of total imports were diesel, gasoline, jet fuel, or fuel oil (Figure 11).³⁰

Figure 10. UAE's total annual petroleum products exports, 2019–2025

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Figure 11. UAE's total annual petroleum products imports, 2019–2025

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The UAE exported an average of about 264 Bcf per year of natural gas and imported an average of about 717 Bcf per year from 2015 to 2024 (Figure 12). UAE exports all of its natural gas as LNG, but it imports natural gas in the form of LNG through its regasification terminals and piped natural gas from Qatar. The UAE receives piped natural gas imports from Qatar via the Ras Laffen-UAE pipeline (also known as the Dolphin Gas project or the Dolphin Qatar-UAE natural gas pipeline), which began commercial operations in 2006. The pipeline has a capacity of 3.2 Bcf per day (or about 1.2 Tcf per year) and is about 230 miles in length. The pipeline is owned and operated by Dolphin Energy, a joint venture by Mubadala Development Company, TotalEnergies, and Occidental Petroleum, and transports natural gas from Qatar’s North Field to UAE’s onshore receiving facilities in Taweelah.³¹

Figure 12. UAE's total annual natural gas imports and exports, 2015–2024

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The UAE has one operating liquefaction terminal (used for exporting natural gas as LNG) and two operating floating storage regasification units (used for importing LNG), enabling the country to participate in both the export and import of LNG. The liquefaction terminal has been operating since the late 1970s and is owned by ADNOC LNG through a joint venture between the national oil company and private investors. The floating storage regasification units began commercial operations in the 2010s and are owned by Excelerate Energy. The UAE’s national oil company ADNOC is seeking to expand its LNG export capacity by constructing another LNG terminal with a proposed capacity of 461 Bcf per year in Abu Dhabi. The project is currently under construction and is aiming to start commercial operations in 2028 (Table 4).³²

Table 4. UAE's LNG terminals
Project name	Location	Status	Ownership	Start date	Number of storage tanks	Storage capacity (million cubic feet)	Nameplate capacity (billion cubic feet per year)
Das Island T1 - T3 liquefaction terminal (ADNOC LNG)	Abu Dhabi	Operating	ADNOC LNG (ADNOC 70%; Mitsui 15%; BP 10%; TotalEnergies 5%)	T1: 1977 T2: 1977 T3: 1994	3	8	274
Ruwais LNG	Abu Dhabi	Under construction	ADNOC LNG (ADNOC 60%; Mitsui 10%; BP 10%; Shell 10%; TotalEnergies 10%)	2028			461
Jebel Ali FSRU	Dubai	Operating	Excelerate Energy	2015	4	5	288
Ruwais FSRU	Abu Dhabi	Operating	Excelerate Energy	2016	4	5	183
Total					11	19	1,206
Data source: International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers, GIIGNL 2025 Annual Report Note: FSRU = floating storage and regasification unit, LNG = liquefied natural gas

According to estimates in the Energy Institute’s 2025 Statistical Review of World Energy, the UAE exported all its LNG to countries in the Asia and Oceania region in 2024. India was the top importing country, taking 54% of UAE’s total LNG exports. Japan and China were the second- and third-largest importers of UAE’s LNG taking about 15% and 44 Bcf 14% of UAE’s LNG, respectively (Figure 13).³³

Figure 13. UAE's liquefied natural gas exports by destination, 2024

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The UAE imports most of its natural gas via pipeline, all of which is piped from Qatar. The country, however, also imports small quantities of natural gas in the form of LNG. In 2024, the UAE imported 42 Bcf of LNG, of which about 39 Bcf came from Qatar. The remainder was imported from the United States.³⁴
The UAE imports all the coal it consumes and primarily imports metallurgical coal, bituminous coal, and subbituminous coal. The UAE imports only small quantities of anthracite and lignite coal (Figure 14).³⁵

Figure 14. UAE's total annual coal imports, 2015–2024

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Endnotes

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Petroleum and other liquids

Natural Gas

Coal

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Endnotes