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Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)

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Release date: September 2021
Revised date: September 2022
Table B13.  Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018
Number of buildings (thousand)
Principal building activity
Health care Public
order and
safety
  All
buildings		 Food
service		 Lodging Food
sales		 All health care In-
patient		 Out-
patient
All buildings 5,918 284 214 163 137 9 129 74
Building floorspace (square feet)                
1,001 to 10,000  4,192 276 87 147 93 N 93 Q
10,001 to 100,000 1,585 Q 107 16 38 4 34 30
Over 100,000  142 Q 12 Q 6 5 2 2
Year constructed                
Before 1946 709 64 11 Q 11 Q Q Q
1946 to 1979 2,033 80 59 63 33 3 31 22
1980 to 1999 1,715 60 62 40 45 2 43 30
2000 to 2018 1,461 82 76 43 48 3 44 24
Census region                
Northeast 793 29 34 Q 23 1 21 Q
Midwest 1,719 72 68 58 20 1 18 Q
South 2,143 110 55 71 50 3 47 28
West 1,264 75 50 Q 45 3 42 28
Climate zonea                
Cold or very cold 539 28 24 Q 9 Q Q Q
Cool 1,727 78 71 36 28 3 25 26
Mixed mild 1,216 68 43 Q 31 1 30 20
Warm 1,606 70 47 45 49 2 46 19
Hot or very hot 831 42 22 Q 20 1 19 Q
Number of floors                
1 4,106 217 62 149 80 Q 78 58
2 1,286 47 85 Q 36 Q 35 Q
3 370 Q 29 Q 13 Q 11 Q
4 to 9 142 Q 28 Q 8 3 4 2
10 or more 16 N 4 N 1 1 Q 1
Elevators and escalators
(more than one may apply)		                
Any elevators 503 Q 58 Q 29 6 23 15
1 elevator 366 Q 34 Q 17 Q 16 Q
2 to 5 elevator 121 Q 23 Q 9 3 6 3
6 or more elevators 16 N 2 N 3 3 Q 1
Any escalators 14 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
Number of workers (main shift)                
Fewer than 10 4,386 175 127 143 55 N 55 48
10 to 99 1,405 111 78 19 72 4 68 29
100 or more 127 Q 3 Q 11 5 6 4
Weekly operating hours                
Fewer than 49 2,853 37 N Q 74 N 74 21
49 to 84 1,896 143 Q Q 48 N 48 1
85 to 167 465 92 N 83 Q N Q Q
Open continuously 705 Q 203 34 12 9 4 60
Ownership and occupancy                
Nongovernment owned 4,982 260 197 163 130 7 123 Q
Owner occupied 3,249 162 130 126 74 6 68 Q
Leased to tenant(s) 1,581 98 67 37 56 Q 55 Q
Unoccupied 152 N N N N N N N
Government owned 937 Q Q N 7 Q Q 57
Federal 70 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
State 256 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
Local 610 Q Q N Q Q Q 43
Party responsible for operation
of energy systems		                
Building owner 4,872 228 181 134 109 8 101 75
Business owner or tenant 831 55 Q Q 27 Q 26 Q
Property management 97 Q 6 N Q Q Q N
Other 118 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Provider of direct input on energy-
related equipment purchases		                
Building owner 5,127 230 184 142 114 8 106 72
Business owner or tenant 483 43 Q Q 18 Q Q Q
Property management 49 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
Other 260 Q Q Q 5 Q Q Q
Number of establishments                
One 4,719 263 194 148 91 7 84 65
2 to 5 811 Q 12 15 40 1 38 15
6 to 10 135 Q Q N 4 Q Q Q
11 to 20 63 N Q N Q Q Q Q
More than 20 19 N Q N Q Q Q Q
Currently unoccupied 170 N N N N N N N
Campus or complex activity                
Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 235 91 151 110 4 106 63
Primary or secondary school 247 Q N N N N N N
College or university 103 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
Office complex 141 Q N N Q N Q Q
Retail complex 250 Q Q Q Q N Q N
Storage complex 418 N N N N N N N
Religious campus or complex 253 Q Q N N N N N
Health care complex 60 Q 8 N 24 5 19 Q
Lodging or resort complex 102 Q 57 N N N N N
Transportation complex 36 N N N N N N N
Government complex 124 Q N N N N N Q
Other 563 Q 24 Q Q N Q Q
Predominant exterior wall material                
Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 187 109 60 86 6 80 27
Concrete (block or poured) 935 51 23 43 17 Q 16 18
Concrete panels 137 Q 1 Q 2 1 Q Q
Siding or shingles 948 35 63 Q 24 Q 23 Q
Metal panels 1,250 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Window glass 19 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
Other 139 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Predominant roof material                
Metal surfacing 2,198 59 24 46 Q Q Q Q
Synthetic or rubber 940 75 24 41 31 5 26 16
Built-up 708 48 16 Q 25 1 23 9
Slate or tile shingles 376 Q 27 Q Q Q Q Q
Wooden materials (including
shingles)		 166 Q 17 Q Q Q Q Q
Asphalt, fiberglass, or
other shingles		 1,311 47 91 Q 48 1 46 Q
Concrete 83 Q 7 Q Q Q Q Q
Other 136 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Roof tilt                
Flat 1,914 132 40 68 70 7 63 26
Shallow pitch 2,313 84 72 50 24 Q 23 33
Steeper pitch 1,691 71 95 Q 43 Q 42 Q
Cool roof characteristics (more than one may apply)                
White/reflective coating or paint 1,285 94 25 39 36 5 31 12
White/reflective tiles or shingles 140 Q 14 Q 18 Q Q Q
Aluminum coating 528 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Ballasted roof system 114 Q 2 Q 3 1 2 Q
Other cool roof property 35 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
Renovations since 2000
(more than one may apply)		                
Any type of renovation 2,032 120 82 66 65 6 60 36
Addition or annex 327 32 13 Q 11 3 8 Q
Reduction in floorspace 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
Roof replacement 847 52 42 Q 35 3 32 11
Interior wall reconfiguration 709 31 12 Q 44 4 41 15
Window replacement 484 38 19 Q 12 2 Q Q
HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 71 35 Q 46 4 42 19
Lighting upgrade 1,012 68 43 51 34 3 31 12
Electrical upgrade 565 58 15 Q 23 2 21 Q
Plumbing system upgrade 584 62 28 Q 25 2 23 6
Insulation upgrade 307 25 6 Q 15 1 14 Q
Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 56 36 Q 30 3 27 Q
Structural upgrade 147 Q 10 Q 6 1 Q Q
Other 43 Q Q N Q N Q Q
No renovations 3,530 144 99 86 64 2 62 41
Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 23 26 Q 8 Q Q Q
Energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 5,613 286 207 163 137 9 129 81
Natural gas 2,974 203 138 90 77 7 70 54
Fuel oil 583 Q 32 Q 20 8 13 29
District heat 86 Q 9 N 2 1 Q Q
District chilled water 55 Q 3 N 2 1 Q Q
Propane 676 48 26 Q 6 Q Q Q
Solar 99 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Wood, coal, and other 180 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
Space-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 2,563 135 141 75 87 4 83 37
Natural gas 2,587 144 89 73 67 6 62 52
Fuel oil 266 Q Q Q 4 2 Q Q
District heat 83 Q 9 N 2 1 Q Q
Propane 431 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Other sources1 127 N Q Q Q Q Q N
Primary space-heating
energy source		                
Electricity 1,856 112 120 52 71 1 69 Q
Natural gas 2,344 133 63 71 58 5 53 48
Fuel oil 222 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
District heat 78 Q 8 N 2 1 Q Q
Propane 338 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Other sources1 63 N N Q Q Q N N
Cooling energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 4,584 274 203 157 134 8 126 76
Natural gas 4 Q Q N Q Q Q N
District chilled water 55 Q 3 N 2 1 Q Q
Water-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 2,785 124 80 90 77 3 74 45
Natural gas 1,885 156 116 66 67 6 61 41
Fuel oil 72 Q Q Q 3 Q Q Q
District heat 38 Q 6 N 1 1 Q Q
Propane 145 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Cooking energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 1,216 139 112 76 20 5 15 39
Natural gas 727 186 62 33 7 6 1 23
Propane 159 40 6 Q Q Q N Q
Energy end uses
(more than one may apply)		                
Buildings with space heating 4,901 265 199 139 136 8 127 77
Buildings with cooling 4,631 274 205 157 136 9 128 76
Buildings with water heating 4,595 286 205 157 136 9 127 79
Buildings with cooking 1,738 280 150 101 23 7 16 55
Buildings with manufacturing 322 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Buildings with electricity
generation		 706 Q 53 17 30 9 21 37
Buildings with lighting 5,509 286 207 163 137 9 129 81
Percent of floorspace heated                
Not heated 1,017 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
1 to 50% 693 Q 15 Q Q Q Q Q
51 to 99% 905 55 25 33 25 1 24 15
100% 3,303 187 159 102 105 7 98 62
Percent of floorspace cooled                
Not cooled 1,288 Q Q Q Q N Q Q
1 to 50% 1,111 38 28 Q Q Q Q Q
51 to 99% 998 60 44 49 28 2 25 28
100% 2,522 176 134 98 103 6 97 26
Percent lit when open                
0% Q N N N N N N N
1 to 50% 1,280 38 45 Q Q N Q Q
51 to 99% 1,784 85 77 58 60 3 56 22
100% 2,272 164 84 88 69 5 64 30
Building never open/electricity
not used		 513 N N N N N N Q
Percent lit during off hours                
0% 2,054 81 Q Q Q N Q Q
1 to 50% 3,243 188 156 105 106 4 102 49
51 to 100% 238 Q 24 Q 8 3 5 Q
Building always open with
no "off hours"		 78 Q 14 Q 2 Q Q Q
Electricity not used 305 N N N N N N N
Heating equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Packaged heating units 2,187 177 64 71 79 4 75 48
Furnaces 1,621 49 54 Q 28 Q 28 Q
Individual space heaters 1,246 25 67 Q 21 1 20 Q
Boilers 703 32 50 Q 24 7 18 14
Heat pumps 673 Q 60 Q 30 3 28 Q
District heat 83 Q 9 N 2 1 Q Q
Duct reheat 134 Q 3 Q 3 Q Q Q
Other 17 N Q Q Q Q N N
Cooling equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 206 70 95 85 5 80 38
Residential-type central air
conditioners		 1,309 46 51 Q 35 3 33 28
Individual air conditioners 735 30 104 Q 11 2 Q Q
Central chillers 202 Q 8 Q 9 5 5 5
Heat pumps 492 Q 40 Q 23 2 21 9
District chilled water 55 Q 3 N 2 1 Q Q
Swamp coolers 85 Q 2 Q Q Q Q Q
Other Q Q N N Q Q Q N
HVAC features
(more than one may apply)		                
Economizer cycle 747 59 47 31 31 6 25 11
Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 45 27 Q 28 7 21 8
Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 Q 9 Q 5 3 Q Q
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 Q 10 Q 7 1 Q Q
Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 213 173 113 105 9 97 62
Building automation system (BAS) controls heating/cooling 933 49 34 38 31 6 25 14
Internet-connected/smart thermostat 325 Q 7 Q Q Q Q Q
Programmable thermostat 1,545 99 56 41 63 Q 62 Q
Main equipment replaced since
2000 (more than one may apply)		                
Heating 1,937 104 72 42 57 2 55 15
Cooling 1,269 59 83 Q 32 3 29 12
Water-heating equipment                
Centralized system 3,538 206 179 124 108 6 103 72
Distributed system 782 66 19 Q 21 Q 20 Q
Combination of centralized and
distributed system		 274 Q 6 Q 7 2 5 Q
Generation technologies
(more than one may apply)		                
Reciprocating engine generators 580 Q 42 Q 24 8 15 35
Solar panels 94 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Other generation technology 43 Q 8 N 2 Q Q Q
Lighting equipment types
(more than one may apply)		                
Incandescent 1,100 68 61 Q 30 2 27 18
Standard fluorescent 4,019 187 129 96 111 7 104 62
Compact fluorescent 1,133 59 86 Q 36 5 31 24
High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 Q 7 Q 6 2 Q 4
Halogen 552 39 21 Q 22 2 20 Q
LED 2,592 166 150 106 72 7 65 36
Other Q Q N N N N N N
Refrigeration equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Any refrigeration 3,850 286 168 163 125 9 117 77
Walk-in units 706 224 39 115 9 7 Q Q
Cases or cabinets 837 189 44 136 13 5 8 5
Large cold storage areas 69 Q Q Q 0 0 Q Q
Commercial ice makers 872 212 78 67 17 8 9 14
Residential-type or compact units 3,321 142 149 76 121 8 113 71
Vending machines 800 25 71 44 23 8 15 20
No refrigeration 2,068 N 39 N Q N Q Q
Office equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Desktop computers 3,804 176 150 122 137 8 128 76
With multiple monitors 1,504 33 46 Q 54 8 46 30
Laptop computers 2,786 91 120 60 103 8 94 42
Dedicated servers 1,400 53 44 23 80 8 72 22
Tablets charged in building 1,556 102 82 31 60 6 54 26
Large floor-standing office devices2 1,456 Q 51 Q 70 8 63 21
Smaller desktop office devices2 3,560 159 137 102 126 8 118 67
Interactive whiteboards 262 Q 4 Q 4 2 Q Q
Televisions/video displays 2,451 140 173 89 92 8 84 54
Point-of-sales devices/cash registers 1,420 249 26 141 46 5 41 5
Food preparation or serving areas
in non-food service buildings
(more than one may apply)		                
Snack bar/concession stand/coffee shop 144 N 10 Q 3 1 Q Q
Fast food/small restaurant 160 N 6 45 2 1 Q Q
Cafeteria/large restaurant 129 N 8 Q 4 4 Q Q
Commercial kitchen/
food preparation area		 284 N 49 18 6 5 Q Q
Small kitchen area 1,018 N 115 36 16 2 14 44
Separate computer areas
(more than one may apply)		                
Server closet 1,237 27 44 21 68 7 60 22
Data center 116 N Q Q 7 3 3 2
Computer-based training room 228 Q 8 Q 9 3 6 6
Student or public computer center 236 N 16 Q 2 1 Q Q
Window and interior lighting
features (more than one may
apply)		                
Multipaned windows 3,527 211 175 113 96 8 88 53
Tinted window glass 1,679 88 41 47 53 5 48 22
Reflective window glass 497 Q 18 Q 18 4 14 9
External overhangs or awnings 1,513 119 58 50 44 3 40 17
Skylights or atriums 509 Q 33 Q 27 4 23 5
Light scheduling 910 62 55 28 36 4 32 Q
Occupancy sensors 1,025 37 45 23 38 6 32 20
Multi-level lighting or dimming 332 40 14 Q 8 3 5 Q
Daylight harvesting 138 Q 10 Q 6 1 Q Q
Plug-load control 58 Q 4 Q Q Q Q Q
Demand responsive lighting 98 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Building automation system (BAS) for lighting 317 Q Q 20 6 1 5 Q
Electric vehicle (EV) charging                
Charging stations associated with the building 132 N 16 Q 4 1 Q Q
 
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/.
Data are sample survey estimates with RSEs published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.
aClimate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.
bOther sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.
cOffice devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.
Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 20 buildings in reporting sample.
N = No buildings in reporting sample.