Release date: September 2021
Table B1.  Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018
	Number of buildings (thousand)	Total floorspace (million square feet)	Total workers (thousand)	Mean square feet per building (thousand)	Mean square feet per worker1	Mean operating hours per week
All buildings	5,918	96,758	85,927	16.3	1,074	62
Building floorspace (square feet)
1,001 to 5,000	2,837	8,031	9,715	2.8	677	57
5,001 to 10,000	1,358	10,206	9,185	7.5	971	61
10,001 to 25,000	966	15,623	12,066	16.2	1,225	64
25,001 to 50,000	397	14,430	10,930	36.4	1,300	77
50,001 to 100,000	218	15,387	12,873	70.4	1,169	78
100,001 to 200,000	93	13,042	11,412	140.1	1,128	84
200,001 to 500,000	40	11,723	10,523	294.1	1,103	95
Over 500,000	9	8,317	9,224	947.6	897	114
Principal building activity
Education	438	13,686	10,375	31.2	1,319	48
Food sales	163	1,032	916	6.3	1,127	110
Food service	284	1,372	2,866	4.8	479	81
Health care	137	4,011	6,656	29.3	603	59
Inpatient	9	2,259	3,597	264.8	628	168
Outpatient	129	1,753	3,059	13.6	573	52
Lodging	214	6,997	2,941	32.7	2,291	166
Mercantile	518	10,781	8,900	20.8	1,211	64
Retail (other than mall)	352	5,193	3,269	14.8	1,589	66
Enclosed and strip malls	167	5,588	5,631	33.5	992	61
Office	970	16,682	32,856	17.2	508	54
Public assembly	488	7,157	3,333	14.7	2,075	51
Public order and safety	74	1,563	1,542	21.0	998	128
Religious worship	439	5,686	1,948	13.0	2,767	28
Service	867	6,343	4,736	7.3	1,265	53
Warehouse and storage	1,004	17,429	7,081	17.4	2,214	71
Other	113	2,403	1,585	21.2	1,351	82
Vacant	209	1,616	Q	7.7	Q	5
Year constructed
Before 1920	329	3,600	2,731	10.9	1,222	43
1920 to 1945	379	5,646	5,309	14.9	1,022	54
1946 to 1959	517	6,958	5,597	13.5	1,182	53
1960 to 1969	685	10,337	8,495	15.1	1,157	60
1970 to 1979	831	13,257	10,822	16.0	1,189	59
1980 to 1989	794	13,463	14,755	17.0	877	61
1990 to 1999	921	15,550	13,504	16.9	1,088	65
2000 to 2009	924	17,678	15,696	19.1	1,075	67
2010 to 2018	537	10,270	9,017	19.1	1,077	82
Census region and division
Northeast	793	16,020	15,152	20.2	1,018	64
New England	275	3,748	3,616	13.6	982	75
Middle Atlantic	518	12,272	11,536	23.7	1,030	59
Midwest	1,719	26,143	19,924	15.2	1,236	62
East North Central	1,110	17,642	13,951	15.9	1,201	62
West North Central	609	8,501	5,973	13.9	1,318	60
South	2,143	34,878	30,841	16.3	1,088	60
South Atlantic	1,034	17,961	16,441	17.4	1,061	58
East South Central	347	5,359	3,923	15.4	1,277	58
West South Central	762	11,558	10,477	15.2	1,059	63
West	1,264	19,717	20,010	15.6	934	64
Mountain	484	7,761	8,119	16.0	896	69
Pacific	780	11,956	11,891	15.3	959	61
Number of floors
One	4,106	43,918	34,034	10.7	1,198	61
Two	1,286	23,317	18,268	18.1	1,232	60
Three	370	10,465	8,316	28.3	1,226	64
Four to nine	142	13,058	15,417	92.3	832	88
Ten or more	16	6,000	9,892	379.9	604	108
Elevators and escalators (more than one may apply)
Any elevators	503	36,488	40,542	72.5	886	79
Number of elevators
One	366	14,189	11,669	38.8	1,195	74
Two to five	121	13,328	15,490	110.2	844	91
Six or more	16	8,970	13,383	545.7	666	107
Any escalators	14	3,753	4,345	277.8	851	126
Number of workers (main shift)
Fewer than 5	3,270	21,128	5,726	6.5	2,909	57
5 to 9	1,116	10,364	7,301	9.3	1,420	62
10 to 19	713	11,575	9,062	16.2	1,277	70
20 to 49	492	16,126	14,185	32.8	1,137	73
50 to 99	201	12,956	12,788	64.5	1,013	73
100 to 249	91	12,452	13,297	137.3	936	82
250 or more	37	12,156	23,569	329.8	516	88
Weekly operating hours
Fewer than 40	1,388	11,926	6,513	8.6	1,463	13
40 to 48	1,474	18,580	16,518	12.6	1,111	42
49 to 60	1,243	22,519	24,359	18.1	919	54
61 to 84	643	14,452	14,537	22.5	978	74
85 to 167	464	10,100	7,626	21.8	1,283	109
Open continuously	705	19,180	16,374	27.2	1,101	168
Ownership and occupancy
Nongovernment owned	4,982	75,055	66,685	15.1	1,068	63
Owner occupied	3,249	45,609	37,243	14.0	1,170	62
Leased to tenant(s)	1,581	28,456	29,442	18.0	938	70
Unoccupied	152	990	0	6.5	N	0
Government owned	937	21,703	19,242	23.2	1,095	57
Federal	70	1,946	2,597	27.7	731	81
State	256	6,878	5,760	26.9	1,176	58
Local	610	12,878	10,885	21.1	1,140	54
Party responsible for operation of energy systems
Building owner	4,872	79,515	70,564	16.3	1,070	61
Business owner or tenant	831	12,956	10,637	15.6	1,191	62
Property management	97	1,994	2,311	20.7	839	76
Other	118	2,293	2,415	19.4	898	71
Provider of direct input on energy- related equipment purchases
Building owner	5,127	83,103	73,371	16.2	1,077	61
Business owner or tenant	483	7,682	6,376	15.9	1,167	59
Property management	49	1,069	1,170	21.9	898	76
Other	260	4,904	5,010	18.8	947	71
Number of establishments
One	4,719	65,708	50,538	13.9	1,240	64
2 to 5	811	16,449	15,937	20.3	1,021	60
6 to 10	135	5,539	7,206	41.0	760	67
11 to 20	63	3,894	5,751	61.6	676	83
More than 20	19	3,999	6,494	207.0	616	76
Currently unoccupied	170	1,168	0	6.9	N	0
Campus or complex activity
Not part of a campus or complex	3,622	56,948	50,340	15.7	1,093	59
Primary or secondary school	247	5,134	3,681	20.8	1,384	40
College or university	103	3,761	2,831	36.5	1,277	84
Office complex	141	3,823	8,446	27.2	443	64
Retail complex	250	4,523	4,171	18.1	1,050	55
Storage complex	418	5,684	1,933	13.6	2,319	91
Religious campus or complex	253	3,257	1,692	12.9	1,847	30
Health care complex	60	2,819	4,415	46.8	637	80
Lodging or resort complex	102	1,602	758	15.7	1,931	120
Transportation complex	36	774	600	21.6	1,090	93
Government complex	124	1,701	1,676	13.7	933	61
Other	563	6,732	5,383	12.0	1,174	62
Predominant exterior wall material
Brick, stone, or stucco	2,490	46,291	43,800	18.6	1,025	61
Concrete (block or poured)	935	19,565	14,995	20.9	1,269	65
Concrete panels	137	8,331	8,022	60.6	1,032	62
Siding or shingles	948	5,982	5,220	6.3	1,044	57
Metal panels	1,250	12,184	6,584	9.8	1,575	64
Window glass	19	2,186	4,522	113.2	478	72
Other	139	2,219	2,783	16.0	763	61
Predominant roof material
Metal surfacing	2,198	21,013	12,924	9.6	1,430	59
Synthetic or rubber	940	31,621	31,789	33.6	981	68
Built-up	708	19,286	19,492	27.2	968	63
Slate or tile shingles	376	3,997	3,748	10.6	991	61
Wooden materials (including shingles)	166	1,562	1,496	9.4	935	78
Asphalt, fiberglass, or other shingles	1,311	14,272	11,619	10.9	1,183	58
Concrete	83	1,968	1,931	23.6	1,010	86
Other	136	3,039	2,926	22.3	1,003	61
Roof tilt
Flat	1,914	54,358	55,731	28.4	955	67
Shallow pitch	2,313	27,714	19,619	12.0	1,302	64
Steeper pitch	1,691	14,686	10,577	8.7	1,280	53
Cool roof characteristics (more than one may apply)
White/reflective coating or paint	1,285	32,977	31,826	25.7	998	63
White/reflective tiles or shingles	140	2,673	2,557	19.0	1,032	67
Aluminum coating	528	6,149	4,472	11.7	1,284	57
Ballasted roof system	114	6,277	6,872	55.2	903	73
Other cool roof property	35	1,603	2,359	45.3	680	76
Renovations since 2000 (more than one may apply)
Any type of renovation	2,032	45,296	45,064	22.3	986	63
Addition or annex	327	10,845	9,532	33.1	1,129	63
Reduction in floorspace	35	1,784	2,369	51.1	753	63
Roof replacement	847	20,872	20,504	24.6	991	62
Interior wall reconfiguration	709	21,286	25,724	30.0	819	58
Window replacement	484	10,980	11,390	22.7	955	63
HVAC equipment upgrade	1,006	27,591	28,649	27.4	948	61
Lighting upgrade	1,012	29,087	30,404	28.7	947	66
Electrical upgrade	565	15,772	17,069	27.9	910	62
Plumbing system upgrade	584	15,500	17,101	26.5	893	64
Insulation upgrade	307	7,963	8,465	25.9	922	62
Fire, safety, or security upgrade	570	20,007	20,976	35.1	945	70
Structural upgrade	147	4,203	5,041	28.6	818	65
Other	43	1,296	1,027	30.3	1,229	80
No renovations	3,530	44,013	34,596	12.5	1,180	59
Buildings constructed 2013 or later	357	7,449	6,268	20.9	1,122	83
Energy sources (more than one may apply)
Electricity	5,613	95,179	85,824	17.0	1,072	61
Natural gas	2,974	67,994	60,636	22.9	1,102	64
Fuel oil	586	21,198	24,123	36.2	867	71
District heat	86	6,750	7,521	78.1	885	78
District chilled water	55	4,288	4,576	77.5	923	73
Propane	676	10,157	6,940	15.0	1,420	61
Wood	105	802	671	7.6	1,112	50
Coal	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Solar	99	3,814	3,846	38.5	982	83
Other	79	1,317	1,067	16.7	1,214	74
Space-heating energy sources (more than one may apply)
Electricity	2,566	45,645	45,708	17.8	983	63
Natural gas	2,583	58,306	50,617	22.6	1,132	62
Fuel oil	266	4,126	3,709	15.5	1,084	60
District heat	83	6,552	7,263	79.4	889	79
Propane	431	3,896	2,736	9.0	1,339	51
Wood	85	422	222	4.9	1,646	49
Coal	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Solar	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Other	40	443	273	11.1	1,624	54
Primary space-heating energy source
Electricity	1,859	27,654	29,063	14.9	933	64
Natural gas	2,341	50,368	42,746	21.5	1,157	60
Fuel oil	222	2,216	1,652	10.0	1,276	62
District heat	78	6,095	6,827	78.1	879	79
Propane	338	2,290	1,692	6.8	1,239	47
Wood	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Coal	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Solar	N	N	N	N	N	N
Other	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Cooling energy sources (more than one may apply)
Electricity	4,584	84,861	79,805	18.5	1,044	63
Natural gas	4	400	307	90.9	1,302	55
District chilled water	55	4,288	4,576	77.5	923	73
Water-heating energy sources (more than one may apply)
Electricity	2,785	47,354	46,374	17.0	1,005	59
Natural gas	1,885	46,783	42,153	24.8	1,096	69
Fuel oil	72	1,807	1,889	25.1	947	86
District heat	38	4,206	5,043	109.6	830	82
Propane	145	1,947	1,855	13.4	1,033	69
Cooking energy sources (more than one may apply)
Electricity	1,216	30,592	29,469	25.2	1,023	74
Natural gas	726	27,656	26,109	38.1	1,058	80
Propane	159	3,101	2,430	19.5	1,255	75
Energy end uses (more than one may apply)
Buildings with space heating	4,901	89,003	82,209	18.2	1,060	61
Buildings with cooling	4,631	87,841	82,855	19.0	1,042	63
Buildings with water heating	4,595	88,076	82,366	19.2	1,053	63
Buildings with cooking	1,736	43,633	41,432	25.1	1,040	74
Buildings with manufacturing	322	6,871	5,035	21.4	1,359	56
Buildings with electricity generation	706	29,439	32,410	41.7	900	81
Percentage of floorspace heated
Not heated	1,017	7,754	3,718	7.6	1,392	64
1 to 50	693	10,617	6,406	15.3	1,604	56
51 to 99	905	20,244	20,058	22.4	997	62
100	3,303	58,143	55,745	17.6	1,020	62
Percentage of floorspace cooled
Not cooled	1,288	8,917	3,071	6.9	1,949	56
1 to 50	1,111	19,747	10,742	17.8	1,784	56
51 to 99	998	26,388	26,447	26.4	993	67
100	2,522	41,706	45,666	16.5	895	65
Percentage lit when open
Zero	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
1 to 50	1,280	14,213	6,476	11.1	2,088	60
51 to 99	1,784	39,002	38,071	21.9	1,012	63
100	2,272	40,015	41,150	17.6	956	64
Building never open/electricity not used	513	2,998	183	5.8	2,908	39
Percentage lit during off hours
Zero	2,054	15,602	10,333	7.6	1,376	48
1 to 50	3,243	70,060	67,423	21.6	1,019	66
51 to 100	238	7,211	6,281	30.3	1,081	83
Building always open with no "off hours"	78	2,306	1,788	29.5	1,255	168
Electricity not used	305	1,579	103	5.2	Q	66
Heating equipment (more than one may apply)
Packaged heating units	2,187	48,113	44,373	22.0	1,074	67
Furnaces	1,621	17,449	13,487	10.8	1,230	53
Individual space heaters	1,246	21,143	17,188	17.0	1,210	59
Boilers	703	28,902	28,262	41.1	1,012	71
Heat pumps	673	15,146	14,684	22.5	1,016	66
District heat	83	6,552	7,263	79.4	889	79
Duct reheat	134	7,466	9,848	55.5	752	61
Other	17	821	673	48.7	1,219	87
Cooling equipment (more than one may apply)
Packaged air-conditioning units	2,565	56,416	53,368	22.0	1,046	66
Residential-type central air conditioners	1,309	18,437	16,384	14.1	1,097	58
Individual air conditioners	735	13,767	10,038	18.7	1,352	69
Central chillers	202	17,910	21,736	88.8	819	75
Heat pumps	492	11,138	11,637	22.6	938	65
District chilled water	55	4,288	4,576	77.5	923	73
Swamp coolers	85	2,070	2,103	24.5	953	59
Other	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
HVAC features (more than one may apply)
Economizer cycle	747	34,219	37,152	45.8	915	76
Variable air volume (VAV) system	698	29,172	34,745	41.8	832	70
Dedicated outside air system (DOAS)	249	9,027	9,453	36.3	942	72
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV)	349	10,652	9,818	30.5	1,070	67
Regular HVAC maintenance	3,554	78,343	75,450	22.0	1,021	66
Building automation system (BAS) controls heating/cooling	933	40,697	44,496	43.6	907	68
Internet-connected/smart thermostat	325	6,017	4,778	18.5	1,221	68
Programmable thermostat	1,545	20,937	17,370	13.5	1,185	62
Main equipment replaced since 2000 (more than one may apply)
Heating	1,937	32,688	29,575	16.9	1,084	58
Cooling	1,269	23,084	21,853	18.2	1,040	61
Water-heating equipment
Centralized system	3,538	59,621	52,876	16.9	1,107	64
Distributed system	782	14,326	14,110	18.3	1,002	60
Combination of centralized and distributed system	274	14,129	15,380	51.5	912	67
Generation technologies (more than one may apply)
Reciprocating engine generators	578	24,861	27,913	43.0	883	81
Solar panels	94	3,745	3,779	39.9	982	79
Other generation technology	43	2,040	2,213	47.6	913	95
Lighting equipment types (more than one may apply)
Incandescent	1,100	21,148	20,077	19.2	1,023	59
Standard fluorescent	4,019	73,157	67,443	18.2	1,055	60
Compact fluorescent	1,133	33,655	34,909	29.7	950	70
High-intensity discharge (HID)	238	11,352	9,532	47.6	1,171	64
Halogen	552	14,963	15,013	27.1	985	65
LED	2,592	62,061	61,197	23.9	999	68
Other	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Refrigeration equipment (more than one may apply)
Any refrigeration	3,850	77,951	73,462	20.2	1,049	64
Walk-in units	706	29,386	29,824	41.6	984	91
Cases or cabinets	837	28,586	29,508	34.2	968	81
Large cold storage areas	69	3,577	2,753	51.9	1,297	102
Commercial ice makers	872	34,710	34,924	39.8	989	82
Residential-type or compact units	3,321	64,963	62,307	19.6	1,030	61
Vending machines	800	42,071	42,277	52.6	992	81
No refrigeration	2,068	18,806	12,465	9.1	1,224	58
Office equipment (more than one may apply)
Desktop computers	3,804	82,281	78,706	21.6	1,040	66
With multiple monitors	1,504	50,806	56,375	33.8	898	65
Laptop computers	2,786	69,618	70,125	25.0	983	63
Dedicated servers	1,400	51,691	56,604	36.9	912	68
Tablets charged in building	1,556	48,792	51,577	31.3	941	68
Large floor-standing office devices2	1,456	54,108	58,165	37.2	929	65
Smaller desktop office devices2	3,560	74,817	71,368	21.0	1,043	65
Interactive whiteboards	262	17,000	18,451	64.9	920	62
Televisions/video displays	2,451	63,871	63,908	26.1	991	70
Point-of-sales devices/cash registers	1,420	33,796	35,979	23.8	938	74
Food preparation or serving areas in non-food service buildings (more than one may apply)
Snack bar/concession stand/coffee shop	144	10,356	10,567	71.7	980	87
Fast food/small restaurant	160	9,769	10,823	60.9	903	87
Cafeteria/large restaurant	131	14,535	15,176	111.4	958	65
Commercial kitchen/ food preparation area	283	17,661	15,080	62.5	1,171	87
Small kitchen area	1,019	20,617	18,609	20.2	1,079	70
Separate computer areas (more than one may apply)
Server closet	1,237	48,700	51,946	39.4	935	66
Data center	116	11,383	14,374	98.3	792	88
Computer-based training room	228	16,527	17,081	72.5	968	71
Student or public computer center	236	12,656	9,742	53.6	1,299	63
Window and interior lighting features (more than one may apply)
Multipaned windows	3,527	73,030	68,838	20.7	1,038	62
Tinted window glass	1,679	44,523	46,895	26.5	934	61
Reflective window glass	497	17,941	20,883	36.1	850	71
External overhangs or awnings	1,513	28,834	26,663	19.1	1,065	61
Skylights or atriums	509	19,792	18,170	38.9	1,073	67
Light scheduling	910	33,666	36,482	37.0	914	71
Occupancy sensors	1,025	44,365	46,638	43.3	943	70
Multi-level lighting or dimming	332	14,467	15,760	43.5	913	63
Daylight harvesting	138	7,244	9,573	52.6	752	69
Plug-load control	58	1,961	2,132	34.1	913	66
Demand responsive lighting	98	2,042	2,002	20.8	1,001	63
Building automation system (BAS) for lighting	317	16,707	18,648	52.7	894	76
Electric vehicle (EV) charging
Charging stations associated with the building	132	10,165	11,217	77.1	899	86
1Buildings with zero workers are excluded from this column.    2Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines. Q = Data withheld either because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled. N = No cases in reporting sample. Notes:  ● Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.  ● See Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables or CBECS Terminology for definitions of terms used in these tables and/or comparison of differences with prior CBECS tables. Both references can be accessed from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/ ● Data are sample survey estimates with RSEs published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Statistics, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.