Data

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Energy Indicators
Demography	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	0.7 million	0.2%		2023
Civilian Labor Force	0.4 million	0.2%		Feb-24
Economy	Alaska	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 63.6 billion	49		2022
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 1,984 million	49		2022
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 68,919	12		2022
Vehicle Miles Traveled	5,478 million miles	50		2022
Land in Farms	0.9 million acres	44		2023
Climate	Alaska	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	28.4 degrees Fahrenheit	49		2023
Precipitation	42.2 inches	21		2023

Prices
Petroleum	Alaska	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	$ 71.77 /barrel	$ 72.26 /barrel		Jan-24
Natural Gas	Alaska	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	$ 8.32 /thousand cu ft	$ 4.76 /thousand cu ft		Jan-24	find more
Residential	$ 10.82 /thousand cu ft	$ 11.82 /thousand cu ft		Jan-24	find more
Coal	Alaska	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	W	$ 54.46 /short ton		2022
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	$ 4.66 /million Btu	$ 2.48 /million Btu		Jan-24
Electricity	Alaska	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	23.78 cents/kWh	15.45 cents/kWh		Jan-24	find more
Commercial	21.31 cents/kWh	12.68 cents/kWh		Jan-24	find more
Industrial	19.13 cents/kWh	8.10 cents/kWh		Jan-24	find more

Reserves
Reserves	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	3,127 million barrels	7.6%		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	98,841 billion cu ft	16.8%		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	230 million barrels	0.9%		2021	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	45 million short tons	0.4%		2022	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	827 wells	0.2%		2020	find more
Capacity	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	165,500 barrels/calendar day	0.9%		2023
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	2,822 MW	0.2%		Jan-24

Supply & Distribution
Production	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	1,340 trillion Btu	1.4%		2021	find more
Crude Oil	427 thousand barrels per day	3.4%		Jan-24	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	373,141 million cu ft	0.9%		2022	find more
Coal	1,014 thousand short tons	0.2%		2022	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	625 thousand MWh	0.2%		Jan-24
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	Alaska	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	13.0 %	0.4 %		Jan-24	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	54.7 %	42.2 %		Jan-24	find more
Coal-Fired	11.2 %	19.9 %		Jan-24	find more
Nuclear	0.0 %	18.2 %		Jan-24	find more
Renewables	21.0 %	18.8 %		Jan-24
Stocks	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	321 thousand barrels	2.7%		Jan-24
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	1,099 thousand barrels	1.1%		Jan-24	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	41,258 million cu ft	0.6%		Jan-24	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	7 thousand barrels	*		Jan-24	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	0 thousand tons	0.0%		Jan-24	find more
Fueling Stations	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	182 stations	0.2%		2021
Propane	1 stations	*		Mar-24
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations	61 stations	0.1%		Mar-24
E85	0 stations	0.0%		Mar-24
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels	0 stations	0.0%		Mar-24

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	Alaska	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	684 trillion Btu	40		2021	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	932 million Btu	1		2021	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 6,395 million	40		2021	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 8,711	1		2021	find more
by End-Use Sector	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	55 trillion Btu	0.3%		2021	find more
»  Commercial	61 trillion Btu	0.4%		2021	find more
»  Industrial	378 trillion Btu	1.2%		2021	find more
»  Transportation	190 trillion Btu	0.7%		2021	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 906 million	0.3%		2021	find more
»  Commercial	$ 924 million	0.5%		2021	find more
»  Industrial	$ 802 million	0.3%		2021	find more
»  Transportation	$ 3,764 million	0.6%		2021	find more
by Source	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	45 million barrels	0.6%		2021	find more
»  Natural Gas	445 billion cu ft	1.4%		2022	find more
»  Coal	1,239 thousand short tons	0.2%		2022	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 4,769 million	0.6%		2021	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 905 million	0.3%		2022	find more
»  Coal	$ 86 million	0.3%		2022	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	149 thousand barrels	5.4%		Jan-24	find more
Natural Gas	3,268 million cu ft	0.3%		Jan-24	find more
Coal	51 thousand tons	0.1%		Jan-24	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	Alaska	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	47.1 %	46.2 %		2022
Fuel Oil	28.1 %	3.9 %		2022
Electricity	15.3 %	41.3 %		2022
Propane	2.8 %	5.0 %		2022
Other/None	6.8 %	3.5 %		2022

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	550 MW	0.2%		Jan-24
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	--	--		2023
Renewable Energy Production	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	115 thousand MWh	0.5%		Jan-24
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	11 thousand MWh	*		Jan-24
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	4 thousand MWh	0.1%		Jan-24
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	0 thousand MWh	0.0%		Jan-24
Fuel Ethanol Production	0 thousand barrels	0.0%		2021
Renewable Energy Consumption	Alaska	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	3.6 %	48		2021
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	0 thousand barrels	51		2021
Total Emissions	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	38.9 million metric tons	0.8%		2021
Electric Power Industry Emissions	Alaska	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	3,592 thousand metric tons	0.2%		2022
Sulfur Dioxide	2 thousand metric tons	0.2%		2022
Nitrogen Oxide	18 thousand metric tons	1.5%		2022

Analysis

Last Updated: April 18, 2024

Overview

Alaska, the largest U.S. state, is one-fifth the size of the Lower 48 states, and with its Aleutian Island chain is as wide as the Lower 48 states from east to west.¹ It is the only U.S. state with land north of the Arctic Circle, and it has the highest mountains and longest coastline of any state.² Alaska's winters are frequently severe, but its climate varies significantly from north to south and from winter to summer, particularly in the interior of the state, where temperatures range from -30°F in winter to near 100°F in summer.³ Large areas of Alaska remain uninhabited. It has the third-smallest population of the U.S. states and is the least densely populated state at about 1 person per square mile.⁴ Nearly half of Alaskans live in the cities of Anchorage, Juneau, and Fairbanks.^5,6

The oil and natural gas industries are a key part of Alaska's energy-intensive economy, and the state ranks third in the nation, after Louisiana and Wyoming, for the highest amount of energy consumption per dollar of GDP.^7,8,9 The area of Alaska known as the North Slope contains 6 of the 100 largest oil fields in the United States and 1 of the 100 largest natural gas fields. Alaska's Prudhoe Bay field is among the 10 largest oil fields in the nation.¹⁰ Alaska does not have a state sales tax or a personal income tax, as revenues from Alaska's oil and gas industry fund most of the state government.¹¹ Since 1982, every eligible state resident receives an annual dividend that is based on the value of oil royalty revenue in the Alaska Permanent Fund. The 2023 dividend was $1,312, down from the record $3,284 the year before.^12,13

Alaska has other substantial energy resources. Its recoverable coal reserves rank 13th among the states.¹⁴ Alaska's many rivers offer some of the best hydroelectric power potential in the nation.¹⁵ Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline have significant wind energy resources, and the state's many volcanic areas offer geothermal energy potential.^16,17 Alaska's total energy demand is among the lowest one-fourth of the states.¹⁸ However, with its harsh winters, energy-intensive oil and natural gas industries, and small population, the state's per capita total energy consumption is the highest in the nation.¹⁹ Alaska's industrial sector accounts for almost three-fifths of the state's energy use, followed by the transportation sector at nearly three-tenths, the commercial sector at about one-tenth, and the residential sector at about one-twelfth.²⁰ Alaska has had the nation's highest transportation sector per capita energy use every year since 1969.^21,22

Petroleum

Alaska's proved crude oil reserves—about 3.2 billion barrels at the beginning of 2022—are the fourth-largest in the nation.²³ The state has been among the top oil producers for many years. Alaska moved up from sixth place in 2020 to fourth in 2021 and 2022, but fell back to the sixth-largest oil producer in 2023, when its annual oil production was the lowest in 47 years at 426,000 barrels per day. The state's oil output peaked at 2 million barrels per day in 1988, and has declined steadily since then as the state's oil fields matured.^24,25 In recent decades, Alaska experienced relatively warmer temperatures and for longer periods of time. Warmer temperatures reduce the amount of time energy companies can explore for onshore oil, because ice roads and drilling pads are used only during the coldest months of the year, when the frozen ground is less damaged by heavy equipment. Conversely, the warmer temperatures reduce floating ice packs, which makes it easier to ship production facilities and equipment to the North Slope oil fields.^26,27

Large areas of the state remain unexplored for oil. Although the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), located in northeastern Alaska, was opened for drilling and exploration in 2017, the Biden administration canceled previously-issued oil leases for ANWR's coastal plain in 2023.^28,29,30 The U.S. Geological Survey estimates the ANWR coastal plain holds 10.4 billion barrels of crude oil.³¹ In January 2022, the Biden administration also reduced by one-third the area available for oil and natural gas leasing in the separate National Petroleum Reserve, located to the west of ANWR, from 18.6 million acres to 11.8 million acres.^32,33 The U.S. Department of the Interior approved in March 2023 a scaled-back version of Conoco Phillips' Willow oil drilling project that could produce up to 180,000 barrels per day in part of the National Petroleum Reserve. The project's first oil production is expected in 2029.^34,35

Most of Alaska's crude oil production—typically over 95%—occurs on the North Slope.³⁶ The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, which began operating in 1977, transports crude oil 800 miles from the frozen North Slope to the ice-free port at Valdez, on Alaska's southern coast.³⁷ In 1988, the pipeline's oil throughput peaked at just over 2 million barrels per day. Since 2003, deliveries have been less than 1 million barrels per day, and averaged a record low of 469,200 barrels per day in 2023.³⁸ Low volumes cause the oil to move more slowly in the pipeline, which results in colder oil. That creates challenges for the pipeline's operators, including the formation of ice and the buildup of wax that is in the oil on the pipeline wall. The amount of time it takes for oil to travel the 800 miles through the pipeline from the North Slope to the Valdez port increased from 4.5 days in 1988 to about 19 days in recent years.^39,40

Tankers transport most of the oil produced in Alaska to refineries in Washington and California.^41,42,43 On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez tanker struck Bligh Reef and spilled 257,000 barrels of crude oil into Prince William Sound, located on Alaska's southern coast.⁴⁴ The accident resulted in improvements to tanker design and construction, navigation technology, and crew training.⁴⁵

Alaska has five operating refineries, with a combined processing capacity of about 166,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.⁴⁶ Two of the refineries, in the Prudhoe Bay region, supply fuel for crude oil drilling operations. A refinery in Kenai, southwest of Anchorage, produces most of the state's motor gasoline as well as some distillate fuel oil. Two other refineries, located in Valdez and near Fairbanks, also produce diesel and heating fuels.^47,48 Alaska ranks 13th among the states with the lowest total petroleum demand, but it has the second-highest per capita petroleum consumption, after Louisiana.⁴⁹ Alaska is the largest jet fuel-consuming state on a per capita basis and the sixth-largest in total jet fuel use.^50,51 The state is a major fueling stop for military aircraft as well as for commercial passenger and cargo flights between the United States and Asian countries.^52,53 Alaska also consumes petroleum to produce electricity. In 2023, petroleum liquids fueled more than 10% of the state's electricity generation at utility-scale power plants (1 megawatt or larger). Small diesel-fueled generators also produce electricity in many of the state's isolated communities.^54,55,56 Three out of 10 state households rely on fuel oil, kerosene, or propane for heating.⁵⁷

Natural gas

Alaska's proved natural gas reserves—about 100 trillion cubic feet—rank third among the states.⁵⁸ Alaska's natural gas withdrawals totaled nearly 3.5 trillion cubic feet in 2023, the fourth-largest in the nation after Texas, Pennsylvania, and Louisiana.⁵⁹ Most of the state's gas production is not brought to market. Natural gas volumes from the North Slope far exceed local demand, and there is no pipeline to transport the natural gas to consumers in the southern part of the state.^60,61 Instead, operators reinject most of the state's natural gas withdrawals back into oil reservoirs to help maintain crude oil production rates.⁶² In 2022, the industrial sector accounted for the largest share of Alaska's natural gas delivered to consumers, about 48% of the state's total. The electric power sector accounted for 22% of the state's natural gas consumption, as natural gas-fired generators provide about half of Alaska's utility-scale electricity. The residential sector accounted for 17% of state natural gas use. Nearly half of Alaskan households, most of which are located in the state's three biggest cities, heat with natural gas. The commercial sector accounted for 13% of the state's natural gas consumption. A small amount of natural gas was also used in the state's transportation sector as vehicle fuel.^63,64,65

The Alaska government created a state-owned corporation to build an 800-mile pipeline that would bring the North Slope's natural gas to Asian markets. As part of the pipeline project, a liquefied natural gas (LNG) export terminal would be built near Anchorage. The terminal would receive North Slope natural gas via the pipeline that could transport up to 3.3 billion cubic feet of natural gas a day.^{66,67,68,69,70} In 2020, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) authorized the LNG project, and the U.S. Department of Energy approved in 2023 a permit for the project's LNG exports. However, energy companies have shown little interest in investing in the project because of its high cost, and potential customers have expressed concerns over how long it would take before they start receiving LNG shipments. The project has a price tag of around $40 billion and would not be operational until 2030 at the earliest.^71,72,73,74

Alaska has an LNG liquefaction and terminal complex, located in Kenai on Cook Inlet, which began operating in 1969. Until 2012, it was the only facility in the United States authorized to export LNG produced from domestic natural gas. The terminal has the capacity to liquefy up to 200 million cubic feet of natural gas per day and it used to export LNG to Asia.^75,76 However, LNG shipments declined and the terminal's owner sold the facility in early 2018. The new owners won approval from FERC in 2020 to modify the terminal so it can receive LNG imports. In August 2022, FERC approved a request from the terminal's owners for more time, until the end of December 2025, to convert the terminal to handle LNG imports.^77,78,79,80

Electricity

In 2023, natural gas fueled about half of Alaska's total electricity net generation and hydroelectric power generated about one-fifth. Petroleum accounted for slightly more than one-tenth, coal fueled about one-tenth, and other renewables—mostly wind, biomass, and solar—accounted for a small amount of Alaska's generation.⁸¹ Alaska generated the second-highest share of its electricity from petroleum of any state after Hawaii.⁸² In February 2020, the last new utility-scale coal-fired power plant built in the United States began operating in Alaska. The plant, constructed at the University of Alaska's Fairbanks campus, has a generating capacity of 17 megawatts.^83,84,85

Alaska's electricity infrastructure differs from that in the Lower 48 states because Alaskans are not linked to large, interconnected grids through transmission and distribution lines. Instead, an electric grid called the Railbelt serves an area that stretches from Fairbanks to Anchorage and down to the Kenai Peninsula, where about three-fourths of the state's population lives. However, the Railbelt grid is isolated from the electric grids in Canada and the Lower 48 states.⁸⁶ In 2020, Alaska's governor signed legislation into law to create an electric reliability organization to develop grid reliability standards among the six Railbelt utilities. In March 2022, the Railbelt utilities submitted to state regulators their proposal for an organization to manage and review improvements to the grid.^87,88,89

Alaska uses less electricity than all other states except Vermont, and is among the 10 states with the lowest per capita electricity sales.⁹⁰ In 2023, the commercial sector accounted for 43% of Alaska's electricity sales, followed by the residential sector at 34%, and the industrial sector at 23%.⁹¹ About one out of seven Alaskan households use electricity for their primary heating source.⁹² Electricity prices in the state's rural areas can be three to five times higher than the rates in the urban areas, so the state provides financial assistance to local communities to help cover the cost of electricity.^93,94 Most of the state's rural communities do not have grid access and rely on consumer-owned electric cooperatives for their power. Many of those rural power providers use diesel-fueled electricity generators for some or all of their power supplies.^95,96,97,98 Alaska is building a nearly 400-mile alternative fuel corridor between Anchorage and Fairbanks to provide charging stations for electric vehicles. In September 2023, the first phase of the project provided $8 million in government funding and private investment to install, own, and operate new EV charging stations in eight communities.^99,100

Coal

Alaska's recoverable coal reserves are estimated at 2.8 billion tons, about 1% of the U.S. total.¹⁰¹ Coal mines have operated in Alaska since 1855.¹⁰² Substantial deposits of bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite are found in the north, south, and central portions of the state, but most of Alaska's coal remains unmined.^{103,104,105,106} Alaska has one operating surface coal mine, the Usibelli mine, which produces about 1 million tons of coal per year.^107,108 In 2022, none of Alaska's coal was exported. Instead, it was used in the state at coal-fired power plants and by commercial and institutional users.¹⁰⁹

Renewable energy

In 2010, the Alaska legislature enacted a non-binding goal for 50% of the state's electricity to be generated from renewable and alternative energy sources by 2025.^110,111 In 2023, renewable energy accounted for around one-fourth of Alaska's total electricity generation. Hydropower provided almost nine-tenths of that renewable electricity, with smaller amounts from wind energy, biomass, and solar energy.¹¹² Utility-scale hydropower facilities are concentrated in southern Alaska, where there are mountainous regions with high annual rainfalls. Smaller run-of-river projects—which do not use dams—produce power in some rural communities. Alaska is also exploring tidal and ocean technologies that could supply renewable energy to coastal communities.^113,114 Small wind and solar power generation projects are found in many of the state's remote communities to reduce the use of petroleum products, which have high delivery costs, to generate electricity.^115,116

Wind energy resources are abundant along Alaska's coastline.¹¹⁷ In 2023, wind power supplied about 8% of Alaska's renewable generation from about 60 megawatts of utility-scale wind power generating capacity, located mostly along the state's southern and western coasts and on the Railbelt grid.^{118,119,120,121,122} Increasing numbers of small wind energy facilities, including some wind-diesel hybrid systems, provide power to rural communities throughout the state that are off the main grid.¹²³

Biomass fuels, which include wood, sawmill wastes, fish byproducts, and municipal waste, generated about 3% of Alaska's renewable power in 2023.¹²⁴ Alaska has one utility-scale biomass-fueled generating plant, a 7-megawatt facility located at a landfill in Anchorage.¹²⁵ Wood is an important renewable energy resource for Alaskans, with more than 100,000 cords burned every year for residential space heating in one out of every 25 Alaskan households.^126,127 Alaskan fishmeal plants produce millions of gallons of fish oil as a byproduct annually, much of which is used as boiler fuel for drying the fishmeal or exported for livestock feed.¹²⁸

Despite Alaska's high latitudes and long winter nights, solar energy plays a role in off-grid applications, especially during summer in remote locations. Solar thermal technologies for water and space heating and customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt capacity) solar photovoltaic panels are used for electricity generation throughout the state.^129,130,131 Alaska's largest solar farm, with 6 megawatts of capacity located about 30 miles north of Anchorage, came online in September 2023.¹³² At the end of 2023, total generating capacity of small-scale solar panel generating systems in Alaska was nearly three times greater than the capacity from utility-scale solar installations at commercial sites.¹³³ In 2020, small-scale solar generating systems produced 7,000 megawatthours of electricity. Alaska's use of small-scale solar continues to grow and generation increased to 18,000 megawatthours and to 1% of the state's total renewable generation in 2023.¹³⁴

Alaska has geothermal potential, but little commercial development.^135,136,137 The state's only geothermal power plant, the 400-kilowatt geothermal power facility at Chena Hot Springs, was built in 2006.^138,139 The fishing town of Unalaska, located on one of the more western Aleutian Islands, is seeking to build a geothermal power plant on the slopes of a nearby volcano.^140,141 A major challenge in developing more geothermal power projects in the state is that much of Alaska's geothermal resources are located in remote areas, far from population centers that would use the electricity generated.^142,143

Energy on tribal lands

Alaska has more territory held as tribal lands—over 44 million acres or nearly 11% of Alaska's total land area—than any other state.¹⁴⁴ The tribal communities account for about 15% of the state's population. A total of 12 regional native corporations encompassing 228 tribal groups own almost all of Alaska's tribal land.¹⁴⁵ The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1971, divided Alaska into 12 geographic regions of common heritage and interests. Under the Act, tribal lands do not have the sovereign status of reservations, as most of the Native American reservations do in the Lower 48 states. Instead, Native Alaskans corporately own the land, allowing each native corporation to benefit from resources on their lands. In 1975, a 13th regional corporation was created to represent the interests of Native Alaskans who live in the Lower 48 States.^146,147 The Metlakatla Indian Community on the Annette Island Reserve at the bottom tip of Alaska's southeastern panhandle, about 20 miles from the Canadian border, is the only native reservation in Alaska. The reservation was created by Congress in 1891. The Metlakatla community voted not to be part of the 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and chose to retain rights to their land.¹⁴⁸ The native corporations hold most subsurface mineral rights on native lands and are among the largest private businesses in the state.¹⁴⁹

Alaska's tribal lands contain oil and natural gas resources on the North Slope and along the southern coast, as well as Alaska's largest bituminous coal deposit, which is also located on the North Slope. The state's tribal lands also have renewable energy resources.^{150,151,152,153} Native corporations control about one-fourth of Alaska's 129 million acres of forested land, which provides the tribes with vast biomass resources. More than half of the timber harvested in Alaska comes from native corporations' land.¹⁵⁴ The native corporations share about 70% of the revenue earned from timber, oil, natural gas, coal, minerals, and other natural resources in proportion to their native populations. A significant portion of each corporation's revenue is then redistributed to village corporations within each region.^155,156 The corporations have many business subsidiaries that involve Native Alaskans in the development of their energy resources, including oil and natural gas field services, oil refining, and real estate and financial services. One corporation manages a utility-scale wind farm and is a shareholder in Alaska's first underground natural gas storage facility, which is the second-largest of the state's five underground natural gas storage sites and it can hold 11 billion cubic feet of natural gas.^157,158,159 Another native corporation controls the only Alaskan-owned petroleum refining and fuel marketing operation, which runs two refineries in the state.¹⁶⁰

Several energy projects undertaken by Alaska Native corporations or on tribal lands have received federal funding in recent years, many of which reduced the use of diesel fuel in generating electricity. In 2023, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) provided $4.5 million to the Metlakatla Indian Community on Annette Islands Reserve to help pay for a 1.5-megawatt wind turbine that will replace diesel-fueled generation.¹⁶¹ DOE awarded $1.7 million in 2022 to fund a 65-kilowatt geothermal-fueled power plant to provide electricity and heat to 18 tribal buildings at Pilgrim Hot Springs in remote northwestern Alaska.¹⁶² A separate $674,000 grant from DOE in 2022 helped pay for 200 kilowatts of solar photovoltaic generating capacity to provide supplemental power to the 440 residents of the Yup'ik Eskimo community located in Kongiganak on the southwestern coast of Alaska.¹⁶³ In 2021, DOE awarded an $856,000 grant to a tribal-owned utility in the Native village of Kipnuk near the Bering Sea in southwestern Alaska to integrate a 500-kilowatt battery storage system into the village's wind-powered and diesel-fueled grid. The battery storage system will displace more than 34,000 gallons of diesel fuel used annually by the utility to generate electricity.¹⁶⁴

Endnotes

¹ State of Alaska, Alaska Kids' Corner, Geography of Alaska, accessed March 21, 2024.
² Fly Alaska, Interesting Geographical Alaska Facts, accessed March 21, 2024.
³ Travel Alaska, Alaska Weather, accessed March 21, 2024.
⁴ World Population Review, U.S. States Ranked by Population 2024, accessed March 21, 2024.
⁵ Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Alaska Population Overview, 2019 Estimates, Population Centers, p. 4.
⁶ World Population Review, Alaska Cities by Population (2024), accessed March 21, 2024.
⁷ State of Alaska, Alaska Kids' Corner, Economy, accessed March 21, 2024.
⁸ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), "U.S. energy intensity has dropped by half since 1983, varying greatly by state," Today in Energy (August 3, 2021).
⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹⁰ U.S. EIA, Top 100 U.S. Oil & Gas Fields (March 2015), p. 5-10.
¹¹ Alaska Oil and Gas Association, The Role of the Oil and Gas Industry in Alaska's Economy, State Taxes and Royalties (January 2020), p. 4-5.
¹² Alaska Department of Revenue, Permanent Fund Dividend, accessed March 21, 2024.
¹³ Turner, Jeff "2022 Permanent Fund Dividend Hits a Record $3,284," Alaska Native News (September 9, 2022).
¹⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2022 (October 3, 2023), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022.
¹⁵ U.S. Department of Energy, New Stream-reach Development: A Comprehensive Assessment of Hydropower Energy Potential in the United States (April 2014), Region 19-Alaska, p. 169-172.
¹⁶ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Alaska, Maps & Data, accessed March 21, 2024.
¹⁷ Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Geological & Geophysical Survey, Geothermal Energy, accessed March 21, 2024.
¹⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
²⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2021.
²¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
²² U.S. EIA, "More energy is used per person for transportation in states with low population density," Today in Energy (August 31, 2020).
²³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2021 (December 30, 2022), Table 6, Crude oil and lease condensate proved reserves, reserves changes, and production, 2021.
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⁸² U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual 2022 (October 19, 2023), Table 3.9. Utility Scale Facility Net Generation from Petroleum Liquids.
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Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Coal Region: Western
• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 5

Other Websites

• Alaska Energy Data Gateway
• Alaska Energy Authority
• Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission
• Alaska Department of Health, Division of Public Assistance, Heating Assistance Program
• Alaska Community Development Corporation, Weatherization Assistance Program
• Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
• Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas
• Alaska Department of Revenue, Permanent Fund Dividend
• Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development, Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Bulk Fuel Revolving Loan Program
• U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Affairs, Alaska Resupply Program
• U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Energy for America Program Energy Audit & Renewable Energy Development Assistance Grants in Alaska
• EIA Alaska Flickr Album
• University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Center for Energy and Power
• Denali Commission Project Database
• Benefits.Gov, Housing and Public Utilities
• NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Research and Policy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• U.S. Geological Survey, Maps
• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission
• U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
• Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Community Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, State and Local Planning for Energy (SLOPE)
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Tribal Energy Atlas
• EIA Energy Disruptions
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development, Energy Programs