Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: October 19, 2023
Overview
Maine has the most energy-intensive economy in New England.
Maine rises from a jagged Atlantic coastline in the east to the state's highest point, Mount Katahdin, at the northern end of the Appalachian Trail at the state's center. The largest of the New England states, Maine has the easternmost land area in the nation.1 Although the state has no fossil energy reserves, its rivers, winds, and forests give Maine substantial renewable energy resources.2 Rivers that flow from the state's interior highlands to the sea provide hydroelectricity resources, while winds that sweep along the coast and across Maine's uplands and the mountain crests of its Appalachian ranges make the state New England's leader in wind-powered electricity generation.3,4,5 Forests cover about nine-tenths of Maine, the largest share of any state, and forest products are both a major energy-intensive industry and an important biomass resource, powering electricity generation and supplying wood-derived fuels.6,7 Maine's ports handle shipments of coal and petroleum products that enter the region.8 However, because Maine has no coal, natural gas, or crude oil reserves, the state produces only about one-third of the energy it consumes.9
Maine is home to several coastal cities, but it is the least densely populated state east of the Mississippi River.10 The state contains large rural areas, including Northwest Aroostook, a 2,600 square-mile area with only 12 residents.11 Overall, more than three-fifths of Maine's population lives in rural areas, the second-largest proportion, after Vermont, of any state.12 Even though temperatures reach the triple digits in southern part of the state in summer, they fall to minus 50°F in the far north in winter, making Maine one of the nation's four coldest states.13 Heating needs during the frigid winters contribute to Maine having the highest per capita energy use in New England.14,15
Maine's transportation sector accounts for the largest share of the state's energy consumption. In 2021, it accounted for about 28% of the state's energy use. The residential sector followed closely at 27%. Maine's industrial sector accounted for 26% of Maine's energy consumption, a larger share than in any other New England state.16 Energy-intensive industries such as forestry, forest products, and paper manufacturing have contributed to Maine's economy for decades, but private service industries are now the largest contributors, and they accounted for almost three-fourths of the state's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022.17 However, Maine uses significantly more energy per dollar of GDP than any other New England state and more than the national average.18
Petroleum
More than 7 of every 10 Maine households use petroleum products for home heating, a larger share than in any other state.
Maine does not have any crude oil reserves or production, nor does it have any oil refineries.19,20 Refined petroleum products arrive in the state at several marine points of entry, including Maine's largest—the Port of Portland on Casco Bay. Portland is a natural deep-water harbor and is ice-free year-round.21 Although there are no interstate petroleum product pipelines that enter Maine, one intrastate product pipeline runs between Portland and Bangor.22 Most of the rest of the state's refined products enter farther north at Searsport and Belfast, Maine, or at several border crossings from Canada. Heating oil and propane also arrive at New Hampshire's Port of Portsmouth on Maine's southern border, and those products are distributed regionally, including into Maine. Canada is the dominant supplier of the petroleum products that arrive at all of Maine's ports.23 There is one crude oil pipeline system in Maine. That pipeline, built in 1941, transports crude oil from the Port of Portland to refineries in Quebec and Ontario. Currently, it operates only intermittently.24,25,26
Petroleum accounts for the largest share of Maine's energy use, more than two-fifths of the state's total in 2021.27 About three-fifths of the petroleum consumed in Maine was used in the transportation sector, where almost half of it was consumed as motor gasoline.28,29 The residential sector accounted for about one-fifth of state petroleum use. More than 7 out of every 10 Maine households use petroleum products, primarily fuel oil, as their primary energy source for home heating, a larger share than in any other state.30 Transportation and home heating fuel consumption together help make Maine's per capita petroleum use the highest among the New England states.31 In 2021, the commercial sector accounted for more than one-tenth of Maine's petroleum consumption, and the industrial sector used about 7%. The electric power sector consumed a very small amount.32 Maine law sets goals to reduce the state's petroleum use by 30% below the 2007 consumption level by 2030 and 50% by 2050.33 By 2021, petroleum consumption in Maine was 24% less than in 2007.34
Maine is home to one of three storage sites that make up the 1-million-barrel federal Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve (NGSR). The NGSR was created to counter motor fuel supply disruptions caused by hurricanes, winter storms, and other natural events. The Maine storage site is in South Portland, and it holds 100,000 barrels of motor gasoline.35 Maine's heavy reliance on fuel oil for home heating also makes the state particularly vulnerable to heating oil supply disruptions and price spikes during the winter months. The U.S. Department of Energy created the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve in 2000 to protect consumers in the northeastern states, including Maine, from supply disruptions. The Heating Oil Reserve holds 1 million barrels of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) with sulfur levels of less than 15 parts per million at storage sites in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey.36
Renewable energy
Renewable resources provided 64% of Maine's in-state total electricity net generation in 2022. Hydroelectric dams, wind turbines, and wood and wood-derived fuels supplied most of the state's renewable generation. Solar energy also contributed a small amount from both utility-scale (1 megawatt and larger) and customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) photovoltaic (PV) installations.37
Wind, hydropower, and wood produce most of the renewable-sourced electricity generated in Maine.
Wind energy was the largest source of renewable electricity generation in Maine for the first time in 2021.38 Wind supplied two-thirds of all wind-powered generation in New England, and 23% of Maine's total generation in 2022.39 The state ranked 10th in the nation in the percent of its electricity that was generated from wind.40 Maine's best onshore wind resources are on the ridge crests along its western border, but the state's greatest wind resources are offshore along Maine's Atlantic coastline.41 The largest wind farm in Maine is the 186-megawatt Bingham Wind project, which began operating in late 2016, and the state's most recent is a 20-megawatt onshore wind project that came online in October 2022.42 Maine has set goals for onshore and offshore wind-powered capacity of at least 8,000 megawatts of installed wind capacity by 2030. Of that, 5,000 megawatts must come from facilities in state coastal or offshore waters.43 As of mid-2023, Maine had about 1,030 megawatts of onshore wind-powered generating capacity.44 There are currently no active offshore wind projects along the Maine coast.45 However, Maine, working with the federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, has requested a research lease at a site 20 nautical miles off the state's coast. If developed, the project would have up to 12 floating offshore wind turbines and be capable of generating up to 144 megawatts of renewable energy.46
Conventional hydroelectric power supplied 19% of Maine's total in-state electricity generation in 2022. The state ranked 18th in the nation in hydroelectric generation, but hydropower's share of in-state utility-scale generation was third after Vermont and New York among the states east of the Mississippi River and ninth among all the states.47 Maine's many rivers powered the mills used by the state's early lumber industry and later were used to generate electricity. However, hydroelectric dam owners and conservationists have agreed to remove some dams to restore natural river flows and fish migrations.48 As of mid-2023, there were 51 licensed hydroelectric power plants in the state with about 726 megawatts of capacity, 116 megawatts of which is more than a century old.49 Maine also has supported ocean energy research for more than a decade. In 2014, the first tidal-generated power delivered to the nation's electricity grid came from a pilot project in Maine's Cobscook Bay. More recently, a project in central Maine that will generate power from river and tidal currents is in development.50,51
Maine ranked 10th in the nation in utility-scale biomass-fueled power generation in 2022, and the share of Maine's utility-scale net generation supplied by biomass was the second in the nation, after Vermont.52 Biomass accounted for 14% of the state's total electricity generation.53 Almost all of the Maine's biomass-fueled generation uses wood and wood waste-derived fuels.54 Maine also has four wood pellet manufacturing plants that can produce a total of almost 208,000 tons of pellets annually.55 About 1 in 12 Maine households use wood as their primary fuel for space heating.56 Maine produces some biofuels, but uses much more than it makes. Annually about 600,000 gallons of biodiesel can be produced from recycled cooking oils at Maine's one biodiesel plant.57 However, almost 5 million gallons of biodiesel were consumed in the state in 2021.58 There are no fuel ethanol plants in Maine, but nearly 70 million gallons of fuel ethanol were consumed there in 2021.59,60
Although Maine's solar resources are modest, the state's electricity generation from solar energy was 10 times greater in 2022 than in 2019.61,62 All 38 utility-scale solar-powered generating facilities in Maine have come online since 2017. The three largest are 20-, 49-, and 77-megawatt facilities that came online since 2020.63 In 2021, Maine's utility-scale solar installations provided more power than customer-sited, small-scale ones for the first time. In 2022, solar generation from both utility-scale and small-scale facilities produced about 7% of Maine's total in-state net generation, three-fifths of it from utility-scale installations.64
Maine's original renewable portfolio standard (RPS) required that at least 30% of each retail provider's electricity sales come from renewable sources, a standard that state electricity distributors had already surpassed with the state's biomass and hydroelectric resources. In 2019, Maine increased the RPS target to 80% of electricity retail sales from renewable sources by 2030, and 100% renewable electricity by 2050.65 Although almost two-thirds of Maine's in-state net generation comes from renewable resources, a significant amount of the electricity sold in the state is generated elsewhere.66,67
Electricity
Maine generates less electricity than all but five other states.68 In 2022, renewable resources provided almost two-thirds of Maine's total in-state net generation, a larger share than in all but six states—Vermont, South Dakota, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and Iowa.69 However, Maine's electricity generation in 2022 was about half of what it was two decades earlier.70 The state's energy mix has changed significantly since the early 1990s. Nuclear power had supplied as much as two-fifths of the state's power, but the state's only nuclear plant ceased operations in 1997.71,72 Although Maine's largest power plant by capacity is petroleum-fired, it is now used only to meet peak electricity demand in the winter. Petroleum accounted for more than one-third of the state's net generation in the late 1990s, but its contribution declined to about 2% in 2022.73 Now the state's largest power plant by generation is natural gas-fired.74 In 2022, natural gas fueled nearly one-fourth of the state's total net generation. Coal and other fuels supplied the rest.75 Maine has the highest proportion of in-state electricity generation by the industrial sector of any New England state and the third-largest share, after Louisiana and Delaware, of any state in the nation. In 2022, Maine's industrial sector accounted for 12% of the state's electricity generation.76
Because Maine does not generate enough electricity to meet demand, the state typically imports between 10% and 30% of its electricity supply each year from other states and Canada.77 Most of Maine is part of the regional transmission grid operated by Independent System Operator New England (ISO-NE). An exception is in the northern part of the state, where Maine's power system links to the rest of New England through Canada by way of Canada's New Brunswick Power Corporation.78,79 In part because of the small amount of power generated in-state and the state's limited use of both coal and petroleum for electricity generation, Maine ranks among the five states with the lowest carbon dioxide emissions.80
Maine used less electricity than all but six other states in 2021, and its total per capita retail sales of electricity were less than in about four-fifths of the states.81 Maine's residential sector accounts for more than two-fifths of the state's total electricity retail sales.82 Only about 1 in 9 state households use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating, and Maine's residential sector's per capita electricity consumption is less than in almost three-fourths of the states.83,84 The commercial sector accounted for more than one-third of state electricity purchases and the industrial sector accounted for about one-fifth.85 Maine has the second- lowest average electricity retail price in New England, and it has the region's lowest industrial and commercial sector power prices.86
Natural gas
Maine does not have any natural gas reserves and does not produce natural gas.87,88 A liquefied natural gas terminal at St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, which began operations in 2009, receives natural gas from overseas and sends it by pipeline to Canadian markets and to U.S. markets, including Maine.89,90 Another interstate pipeline, the Portland Natural Gas Transmission System pipeline, delivers natural gas from Canada and the United States through New Hampshire to southern Maine.91
Maine uses very little natural gas because of the state's small population and lack of distribution infrastructure. As a result, Maine's natural gas consumption is among the lowest in the nation. In 2021, the state's natural gas use on a per capita basis was third-lowest in the nation, after Hawaii and Vermont.92 The industrial sector accounted for 44% of the natural gas delivered to consumers in Maine that year. The electric power sector, where 3 of the state's 10 largest power plants by generation are natural gas-fired, used 32%.93 However, constraints on interstate pipeline natural gas delivery capacity force increased competition between electricity generators and other customers for supply during the high-demand winter months.94 The commercial sector accounted for 18% of the state's natural gas use in 2021. Most of Maine lacks natural gas distribution systems, so only about 1 in 12 state households rely on natural gas for home heating, and the residential sector used only 6% of the natural gas consumed in the state.95,96,97
Coal
There are no coal mines in Maine, and the state does not have any recoverable coal reserves.98 In 2017, a very small amount of domestically produced coal was delivered to Maine's electric power sector from Pennsylvania. Since then, Maine has not received any domestic deliveries of coal.99,100 In 2022, the only coal-fired electricity generation in the state occurred at a cogeneration plant that can burn paper mill byproducts, biomass, and coal.101 Maine is one of the five U.S. states that consume the least coal.102 The Portland customs district imports the largest amount of coal in the Northeast, but it receives less than 1% of U.S. total coal imports.103
Endnotes
1 NETSTATE, The Geography of Maine, The Land, updated February 25, 2016.
2 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Maine Profile Data, Reserves and Environment, accessed September 4, 2023.
3 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860) Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2023, Maine, Conventional Hydroelectric.
4 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Maine, accessed September 4, 2023.
5 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New England, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wind, Annual, 2022.
6 Maine Forest Products Council, Maine's Forest Economy, accessed September 4, 2023.
7 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Manufacturing facilities with capacity and status, June 2023, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, June 2023.
8 World Port Source, Searsport, Port Commerce, and Port of Portland, Port Commerce, accessed September 4, 2023.
9 U.S. EIA, State Energy data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2021.
10 U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Population Density Data (1910-2020) (April 26, 2921).
11 U.S. Census Bureau, County Subdivision, Northwest Aroostook UT, Aroostook County, Maine, accessed September 4, 2023.
12 World Population Review, 2020 Rural Population, accessed September 4, 2023.
13 Jacobsen, George L., "Maine's Moist Climate: Strongly Variable Seasonal Temperatures with Even Precipitation," Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, State Climate Series, accessed September 4, 2023.
14 Osborn, Liz, "Coldest States in America," Current Results, weather and science facts, accessed September 4, 2023.
15 U.S. EIA, Rankings, Total Energy Consumed Per Capita, 2021.
16 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F33, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2021.
17 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Interactive Data Tables, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars, Maine, All statistics in table, 2021-22.
18 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2021.
19 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2021, and Estimated Production, Annual, 2021.
20 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report 2023), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2023.
21 World Port Source, Port of Portland, Port Commerce, accessed September 17, 2023.
22 U.S. EIA, GIS Interactive Data Viewer, Maine, Petroleum Ports and Petroleum Product Pipelines Map Layer, accessed September 17, 2023.
23 U.S. EIA, Petroleum & Other Liquids, Company Level Imports June 2023.
24 U.S. EIA, GIS Interactive Data Viewer, Maine, Crude Oil Pipelines Map Layer, accessed September 18, 2023.
25 Canada Energy Regulator, Pipeline Profiles: Montreal, accessed September 18, 2023.
26 Portland Pipe Line Corporation, Montreal Pipe Line Limited, About Us, accessed September 18, 2023.
27 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2021.
28 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
29 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2021.
30 U.S. Census Bureau, All states, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
31 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
32 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
33 LaCapra Associates, Oil Dependence Reduction Assessment (April 2013), Executive Summary, p. 1.
34 U.S. EIA, State Energy Consumption Estimates 1960 Through 2021 (June 2023), Maine, Table CT1.
35 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve, accessed September 18, 2023.
36 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, accessed September 18, 2023.
37 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other resources, Wind, Biomass Wood and wood-derived fuels, Other biomass, Small-scale solar photoelectric, Annual, 2001-22.
38 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, Maine, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass, All solar, Annual, 2001-22.
39 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, New England, All fuels, Wind, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2022.
40 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Tables 1.3.B, 1.14.B.
41 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Maine, accessed September 5, 2023.
42 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2023.
43 DSIRE, NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Maine Renewable Energy Standard, Maine's Wind Energy Goals, updated November 18, 2022.
44 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (August 2023), Table 6.2.B.
45 State of Maine Governor's Energy Office, Offshore Wind, accessed September 5, 2023.
46 U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, BOEM Seeks Public Input on Draft Environmental Analysis of Gulf of Maine Offshore Wind Research Lease, Press Release (July 19, 2023).
47 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Tables 1.3.B, 1.10.B.
48 McCarthy, James, "More Energy, Fewer Dams: A New Approach to Hydropower," Mainebiz (September 3, 2012).
49 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2023.
50 Associated Press, "First Tidal Power Delivered to U.S. Power Grid Off Maine," Fox News (November 20, 2014).
51 Schreiber, Laurie, "Portland-based renewable energy company to expand into Millinocket," Mainebiz (February 8, 2022).
52 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Tables 1.3.B, 1.15.B.
53 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Biomass (total) Wood and wood derived fuels, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2022.
54 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, Biomass (total), Wood and Wood-derived fuels, Annual, 2001-22.
55 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, June 2023.
56 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
57 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, U.S. biodiesel plant count by state, 2023.
58 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2021.
59 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, U.S. fuel ethanol plant count by state, 2023.
60 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2021.
61 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, Annual, 2001-22.
62 Roberts, Billy J., U.S. Annual Direct Normal Irradiance, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
63 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2023.
64 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, Annual, 2001-22.
65 DSIRE, NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Maine Renewable Energy Standard, updated August 26, 2021.
66 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-22.
67 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2021, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2021.
68 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Table 1.3.B.
69 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Geography (Check all), Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2022.
70 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Maine, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
71 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2021, Table 5, Electric power industry generation by primary energy source, 1990 through 2021.
72 Maine Yankee, Maine Yankee Decommissioning, accessed September 12, 2023.
73 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Maine, Fuel Type (Check All), Annual, 2022.
74 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A, 2B.
75 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Maine, Fuel Type (Check All), Annual, 2022.
76 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Table 1.3.B.
77 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2021, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2021.
78 U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Electric, ISO-NE, updated June 15, 2023.
79 U.S. EIA, "Northern Maine Considers Options to Gain Direct Access to New England Electric Grid," Today in Energy (January 22, 2015).
80 U.S. EIA, Rankings: Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2021.
81 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
82 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail Sales of Electricity, Maine, End-Use Sector (Check all), Annual, 2021.
83 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
84 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
85 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail Sales of Electricity, Maine, End-Use Sector (Check all), Annual, 2021.
86 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Average Retail Price of Electricity, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, All sectors, Industrial, Annual, 2022.
87 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Dry Natural Gas, 2016-21.
88 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, 2017-22.
89 Saint John LNG, About Saint John LNG, accessed September 18, 2023.
90 Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline, Home and Map, accessed September 18, 2023.
91 TC Energy, Portland Natural Gas Transmission System, accessed September 18, 2023.
92 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
93 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A, 2B.
94 ISO New England, Natural Gas Infrastructure Constraints, accessed September 20, 2023.
95 Maine Office of the Public Advocate, Natural Gas Service, Natural Gas Service Territories, accessed September 20, 2023.
96 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
97 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Maine, Annual, 2021.
98 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Tables 1, 15.
99 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report Archive, 2017 (November 2018), 2018 (October 2019), 2019 (October 2020), 2020 (October 2021), By Coal Destination State, Maine.
100 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 2022), By Coal Destination State, Maine.
101 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, List of plants for coal, Maine, all sectors, Annual, 2022.
102 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2021,
103 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2022 (March 2023), Tables 13, 20.