Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets 1999: Energy Transformation and End Use - Table ES4. Magnitude of Energy Subsidies per Unit, 1999

Energy Use	Primary Energy					Transformation and End Use	Total
Energy Use	Oil	Natural Gas	Coal	Nuclear	Biomass, Solar, Wind, Geothermal^a	End-Use Electricity	Total
1998 U.S. Consumption (Quadrillion Btu)	36.57	21.84	21.62	7.16	3.48	11.05^b	90.67^c
1998 Average Wholesale Price (1998 Dollars per Million Btu)	1.88^d	1.78^e	0.83^f	NA	NA	9.61	--
1995 End-Use Energy Expenditures^g(Million 1999 Dollars)	251,025	78,690	28,559	4,102	4,333	180,562	547,384^h
1999 Subsidies (Million 1999 Dollars)	661ⁱ	1,720ⁱ	544ⁱ	640	1,111	687	6,198^j
1999 Subsidies per Unit (Percent)	0.26	2.19	1.91	15.60	25.64	0.38	1.13
^aIncludes utility generation attributable to the renewable energy sources listed, as well as ethanol use. Ethanol accounts for 65 percent of the total subsidy. ^bSales to ultimate consumers. Energy consumed as fuel input at electric utilities is represented as primary energy. ^cTotal consumption is the sum of primary energy use, excluding end-use electricity. ^dFirst purchase price. ^eWellhead price. ^fValue of coal produced at free-on-board mines. ^gPetroleum expenditures are net of ethanol; renewable expenditures sum ethanol, residential and industrial biomass, and estimated revenue attributable to end-use consumption of electricity from renewable sources; end-use electricity expenditures are net of utility expenditures on renewables and fuel input at electric utilities. Total electricity revenues were $218,346 million in 1998 (nominal dollars). ^hTotal expenditures are net of expenditures for energy input at electric utilities. Total includes $114 million expended on net imports of coal coke not otherwise referenced. ⁱValues include subsidies of $205 million attributed to fossil fuels generally. ^jTotal includes subsidies to conservation and end use not referenced otherwise. NA = not available. Sources: Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1998, DOE/EIA-0384(98) (Washington, DC, August 1999); State Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1995, DOE/EIA-0376(95) (Washington, DC, August 1998); State Energy Data Report 1997, DOE/EIA-0214(97) (Washington, DC, September 1999); and Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report" (1998).

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