Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets 1999: Energy Transformation and End Use - Table ES1. Summary of Energy transformation and end Use Subsidy Elements in Federal Programs by Fuel and Program Type on a Budget Outlay Basis, Fiscal Year 1999

Table ES1. Summary of Energy transformation and End Use
Subsidy Elements in Federal Programs by Fuel and Program Type on a
Budget Outlay Basis, Fiscal Year 1999

Fuel	Type of Subsidy^a				Total
	Direct Expenditures	Tax Expenditures		Research and Development
	Direct Expenditures	Income	Excise	Research and Development
Oil	255	0	0	0	255
Gas	501	0	0	0	501
Renewables	40	0	0	0	40
Electricity^a	459	155	0	0	614
Conservation^b	166	110	0	0	276
End Use^b	0	105	0	454	559
Total	1,421	370	0	454	2,245
^aDoes not include supports to TVA, the Power Marketing Administrations, and the Rural Utilities Service, which are described in Chapter 4 and summarized under Federal Electricity Support. ^bConservation programs are directed primarily at consumers of energy and often are supported by grants. End-use programs are oriented to the development and introduction of new technologies for use in specific sectors. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Source: Estimates presented in this report.

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