Table A2. Summary Comparison of Findings
| Report (Author, Year) | Type, Coverage, and Method of Study |
Summary, Comment |
| Energy Information Administration, 1992 | Service report covering all fuels, enumerative. | Estimated at $5.6 billion. Subsidies characterized as direct expenditures, tax expenditures, trust funds and excise taxes, and R&D. Regulation effects described in detail, but not included in total estimate. |
| Koplow, Alliance to Save Energy, 1993 | Policy report covering all fuels, enumerative. | Estimated at $27 to $45.9 billion. Subsidies characterized as tax benefits, agency programs, and direct market interventions, including Price-Anderson. |
| Brannon, Ford Foundation, 1974 | Academic study commissioned for public review. | No estimate of subsidy total. Wide-ranging, detailed examination of taxes and subsidies which affected energy disposition in the early 1970s. |
| Battelle, 1980 | Policy analysis covering all fuels, delivered under contract to DOE. | Estimated Federal program subsidies at $31.4 billion. Estimated cumulative Federal incentive for energy at $252 billion since 1918. |
| Congressional Budget Office, 1990 | Covers all fuels with respect to CO2 emissions, enumerative. | Classified subsidy programs as either contributors to emissions or not: excise taxes (reduce emissions), R&D (increase emissions), tax preferences (both), and direct spending (mostly increase). |
| Heede, Morgan, Ridley, Center for Renewable Resources, 1984 | Policy report covering all fuels, enumerative. | Estimated at $66.1 billion. Subsidies described as tax expenditures, agency outlays, and loans/guarantees. Does not include LIHEAP, uranium enrichment, or Price-Anderson. |
| Kosmo, World Resources Institute, 1987 | Comparative economic study of subsidies, focusing on national economic impacts. | Estimated subsidy to U.S. electricity consumers at $91 billion. |
| Rocky Mountain Institute, 1992 | Qualitative policy essay. | Subsidies neither specified nor quantified. |
| Management Information Services Inc., 1998 | Policy report covering all fuels, cumulative, examines subsidy mix. | Subsidies quantified over a five-decade period. Estimated as $564 billion cumulatively since the 1950s. |
| Institute for Local Self-Reliance, 1996 | Study of petroleum industry subsidies nationally, and Minnesota specifically. | Estimated direct tax subsidies to petroleum industry at $3.9 billion. Total indirect, external costs (defense, environmental costs) estimated as $87.5 billion. |
| Northwest Environment Watch, 1995 | Environmental policy, Pacific Northwest impacts, public power and automobiles. | Cited EIA (1992) estimates on public power subsidies. Largest quantified estimate was $1.3 billion to Bonneville Power Administration. |
| Note: All dollar estimates are given in 1999
dollars. Sources: See Appendix D. |
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File last modified: July 10, 2000
URL: http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/table_a2.html
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