Introduction

1 Energy Information Administration, Analysis of Strategies for Reducing Multiple Emissions from Power Plants: Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Carbon Dioxide, SR/OIAF/2000-05 (Washington, DC, December 2000), web site www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/powerplants/index.html.

2 Energy Information Administration, Analysis of Strategies for Reducing Multiple Emissions from Electric Power Plants: Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon Dioxide, and Mercury and a Renewable Portfolio Standard, SR/OIAF/2001-03 (Washington, DC, July 2001), web site www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/epp/index.html.

3 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2001, DOE/EIA-0383(2001) (Washington, DC, December 2000), web site www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/index.html.

4 Energy Information Administration, The National Energy Modeling System: An Overview 2000, DOE/EIA-0581(2000) (Washington, DC, March 2000), web site www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/overview/index.html.

5 Interlaboratory Working Group, Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future, ORNL/CON-476 and LBNL-44029 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, November 2000), web site www.ornl.gov/ORNL/ Energy_Eff/CEFOnep.pdf.

6 President George W. Bush, National Energy Policy: Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group (Washington, DC, May 2001).

7 For an analysis of the potential impacts of different emission allowance approaches, see D. Burtraw, K. Palmer, R. Bharvirkar, and A. Paul, The Effect of Allowance Allocation on the Cost of Carbon Emission Trading (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, August 2001); and C. Fischer, Rebating Environmental Policy Revenues: Output-Based Allocations and Tradable Performance Standards (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, July 2001). For an analysis of the impacts of a generation performance standard, see Energy Information Administration, Power Plant Emissions Reductions Using a Generation Performance Standard (Washington, DC, May 2001), web site www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/gps/gpsstudy.html.

8 Energy Information Administration, Analysis of the Impacts of an Early Start for Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol, SR/OIAF/99-02 (Washington, DC, July 1999), web site www.eia.gov/oiaf/kyoto3/kyoto3rpt.html.

9 Y.H. Wan and B.K. Parsons, Factors Relevant to Utility Integration of Intermittent Renewable Technologies, NREL/TP-463-4953 (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, August 1993).

10 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emissions Standards Division, Information Collection Request for Electric Utility Steam Generating Units, Mercury Emissions Collection Effort (Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999).

11 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 1999, DOE/EIA-0383(99) (Washington, DC, December 1998), web site www.eia.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo99/homepage.html.

12 Interlaboratory Working Group, Scenarios of U.S. Carbon Reductions: Potential Impacts of Energy-Efficient and Low-Carbon Technologies by 2010 and Beyond, ORNL/CON-444 and LBNL-40533 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, September 1997), web site www.ornl.gov/ORNL/Energy_Eff/labweb.htm.

13 CEF estimated the research and development funding, plus program implementation, administrative, and incremental technology investment costs. Comparing those costs with reductions in energy expenditures, CEF concluded there would be a net saving. The present analysis does not estimate the costs of the CEF policies.

14 Major uses of electricity include space heating, space cooling, water heating, refrigeration, cooking, and lighting in the residential sector. All of these uses plus ventilation and office equipment are specifically identified as end uses in the commercial sector. Miscellaneous uses include all other end uses.

15 H. Jacoby, “The Uses and Misuses of Technology Development as a Component of Climate Change Policy,” presentation to the America Council for Capital Formation, Center for Policy Research (October 1998).

16 Energy Information Administration, U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Sources: 2000 Flash Estimate (Washington, DC, June 2001), web site www.eia.gov/oiaf/1605/flash/sld001.htm.

17 In CEF, policies for encouraging industrial cogeneration, or combined heat and power, were analyzed outside of CEF-NEMS and were not included in the integrated analysis or results.