‹ Analysis & Projections
Annual Energy Outlook 2013
Release Dates: April 15 - May 2, 2013 | Next Early Release Date: December 2013 | | Report Number: DOE/EIA-0383(2013)
Legislation and regulations
| State | Target | Qualifying renewables | Qualifying other (thermal, efficiency, nonrenewable distributed generation, etc.) |
Compliance mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AZ | 15% by 2025 | Solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, landfill gas (LFG), anaerobic digestion built after January 1, 1997 | Direct use of solar heat, ground-source heat pumps, and renewable-fueled combined heat and power (CHP), cogeneration, and fuel cells |
Credit trading is allowed, with some bundling restrictions. Includes distributed generation requirement, starting at 5% of target in 2007, growing to 30% in 2012 and beyond. |
| CA | 33% by 2020 | Solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, LFG and municipal solid waste (MSW), small hydro, biodiesel, anaerobic digestion, and marine | Energy storage | Credit trading is allowed, with some restrictions. Renewable energy credit prices are capped at $50 per megawatthour. |
| CO | 30% by 2020 for investor-owned utilities; 33% by 2025 for electric cooperatives and municipal utilities serving more than 40,000 customers | Solar, wind, biomass, hydro, biomass, geothermal electric, and anaerobic digestion | Recycled energy | Credit trading is allowed. The distributed renewables requirement (30% of target) applies to investor-owned utilities. Generation from in-state and solar projects is eligible to earn credit multipliers, as is generation associated with certain projects that have specific ownership or transmission ties with small utilities, entities, or individuals. |
| CT | 27% by 2020 (23% renewables, 4% efficiency and CHP) | Solar, wind, hydro (with exceptions), LFG/MSW, anaerobic energy, marine | CHP/cogeneration | Credit trading is allowed. Obligated providers may comply via an alternative compliance payment of $55 per megawatthour. The target is made up of four source tiers with tier-specific targets. |
| DE | 25% by 2026 | Solar, wind, biomass, hydro, geothermal, LFG, anaerobic digestion, marine | Fuel cells, distributed generation | Credit trading is allowed. Credit multipliers are awarded for several compliance specifications, including generation from in-state distributed solar and renewable-fueled fuel cells and offshore wind. Target increases for some suppliers can be subject to a cost threshold. |
| DC | 20% by 2020 | Solar, wind, biomass, hydro, geothermal, LFG/MSW, marine | Cofiring |
Credit trading is allowed. Target includes a solar-specific set-aside, equivalent to 2.5% of sales by 2023. Obligated providers may also comply via a tier-specific alternative compliance payment. |
| HI | 40% by 2030 | Solar, wind, biomass, hydro, geothermal, LFG/MSW, anaerobic digestion, marine, certain biofuels | Direct use of solar, ground-source heat pumps, ice storage, CHP/cogeneration, efficiency programs, fuel cells using renewable fuels, hydrogen | Credits cannot be traded. Eligibility of several of the "qualifying other" displacement technologies is restricted after 2015. Utility companies can calculate compliance over all utility affiliates. |
| IL | 25% by 2026 |
Solar, wind, biomass, hydro, anaerobic digestion, biodiesel | None |
Credit trading is allowed. Target includes specific requirements for wind, solar, and distributed generation. The procurement process is subject to a cost cap |
| IA | 105 megawatts of eligible renewable resources | Wind, solar, some types of biomass and waste, small hydropower | None | Iowa's investor-owned utilities currently are in full compliance with this standard, achieved primarily through wind capacity. |
| KS | 20% of each demand capacity by 2020 | Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, LFG, renewable-fueled fuel cells | Direct use of solar heat |
Credit trading is allowed. Eligible in-state capacity counts for 1.1 times its actual capacity. |
| ME | 40% total by 2017, 10% by 2017 from new resources entering service in 2005 and beyond | Solar, LFG, wind, biomass, hydro, geothermal, MSW, marine | Fuel cells, CHP/cogeneration | Credit trading is allowed. The Maine Public Utilities Commission sets an annually adjusted alternative compliance payment. Community-based generation projects are eligible to earn credit multipliers. |
| MD | 20% by 2022 | Solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, LFG/MSW, anaerobic digestion, marine | Solar water heat, ground-source heat pumps |
Credit trading allowed. The target includes a solar specific set-aside. Utilities may pay an alternative compliance payment in lieu of procuring eligible sources, with a tier-specific compliance schedule. |
| MA | 22.1% by 2020 (and an additional 1% per year thereafter) |
Solar, wind, hydro, some biomass technologies, LFG/MSW, geothermal electric, anaerobic digestion, marine, renewable-fueled fuel cells | None |
Credit trading is allowed. The target for new resources includes a solar-specific goal to achieve 400 megawatts of in-state solar capacity, which is translated into an annual target for obligated providers. Obligated providers may comply via an alternative compliance payment (ACP), which varies in level by the requirement class, although the ACP is designed to be higher than the cost of other compliance options. |
| MI | 10% by 2015, with specific new capacity goals for utilities that serve more than 1 million customers | Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, LFG/MSW, geothermal electric, anaerobic digestion, marine | CHP/cogeneration, coal with carbon capture and sequestration, and energy efficiency measures for up to 10 percent of a utility's sales obligation | Credit trading is allowed. Solar power receives a credit multiplier, while other generation and equipment features—such as peak generation, storage, and use of equipment manufactured in-state—can earn fractional bonus credits. |
| MN | 30% by 2020 (Xcel Energy) or 25% by 2025 (other utilities) |
Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, LFG/MSW, anaerobic digestion |
Hydrogen (generated from renewable sources), cofiring | Credit trading is allowed. Xcel's target must achieve 25 percent of sales specifically from wind and solar (with a 1-percent maximum for solar). State regulators can penalize noncompliance at the estimated cost of compliance. |
| MO | 15% by 2021 |
Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, LFG/MSW, anaerobic digestion, ethanol, renewable-fueled fuel cells |
None | Credit trading is allowed. Non-compliance payments are set at double the market rate for renewable energy credits. Solar must account for 20% of the annual target. |
| MT | 15% by 2015 |
Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass, LFG | Compressed air storage | Credit trading is allowed, with a price cap of $10 per megawatthour. There are specific targets for community-based projects. |
| NV | 25% by 2025 |
Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass, LFG/MSW | Waste tires, direct use of solar and geothermal heat, efficiency measures (which can account for one-quarter of the target in any given year) | Credit trading is allowed. Photovoltaics receives a credit premium, with an additional premium for customer-sited systems. |
| NH | 24.8% by 2025 |
Solar, wind, small hydro, marine, LFG |
Fuel cells, CHP, microturbines, direct use of solar heat, ground-source heat pumps | Credit trading is allowed, and utilities may pay into a fund in lieu of holding credits. The target comprises four separate compliance classes, broken out by technology. |
| NJ | 20.38% by 2021, with an additional 4.1% solar by 2027 |
Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, LFG/MSW, marine | None | Credit trading is allowed, with an alternative compliance payment set by state regulators. Solar and offshore wind are subject to separate requirements and have separate enforcement provisions. |
| NM | 20% by 2020 for investor-owned utilities, 10% by 2020 for cooperatives | Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, LFG | Zero-emission technology, not including nuclear | Credit trading is allowed. The program cannot increase consumer costs beyond a threshold amount, increasing to 3 percent of annual costs by 2015. Technology minimums are established for wind, solar, and certain other resources. |
| NY | 29% by 2015 | Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass, LFG, marine | Direct use of solar heat, fuel cells | Credit trading is not allowed. Compliance is achieved through purchases by state authorities, funded by a surcharge on investor-owned utilities. Government-owned utilities may have their own, similar programs. |
| NC | 12.5% by 2021 for investor-owned utilities; 10% by 2018 for municipal and cooperative utilities | Solar, wind, small hydro, biomass, geothermal, LFG, marine |
Direct use of solar heat, CHP, hydrogen, demand reduction |
Credit trading is allowed. Impacts on customer costs are capped at specified levels. There are specific targets for solar and certain animal waste projects. |
| OH | 12.5% by 2024 | Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, LFG/MSW |
Energy storage, separate 12.5% target for "advanced energy technologies," including coal mine methane, advanced nuclear, and efficiency | Credit trading is allowed. Alternative compliance payments are set by law and adjusted annually. There is a separate target for solar energy. |
| OR | 5% by 2025 for utilities with less than 1.5% of total sales; 10% by 2025 for utilities with less than 3% of total sales; 25% by 2025 for all others | Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, LFG/MSW, marine |
Hydrogen | Credit trading is allowed, with an alternative compliance payment and a limit on expenditures of 4% of annual revenue. Solar receives a credit multiplier. |
| PA | 18% by 2020 |
Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, LFG/MSW | Certain advanced coal technologies, certain energy efficiency technologies, fuel cells, direct use of solar heat, ground-source heat pumps | Credit trading is allowed, with an alternative compliance payment. There are separate targets for solar and two different combinations of renewable, fossil, and efficiency technologies. |
| RI | 16% by 2019 | Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, LFG, marine | None | Credit trading is allowed, with an alternative compliance payment. There is a separate target for 90 megawatts of new renewable capacity. |
| TX | 5,880 megawatts by 2018 | Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, LFG, marine | Direct use of solar heat, ground-source heat pumps | Credit trading is allowed, with capacity targets converted to generation equivalents. State regulators may cap credit prices. 500 megawatts must be from resources other than wind. |
| WA | 15% by 2020 | Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, LFG, marine | Combined heat and power | Credit trading is allowed, with an administrative penalty for noncompliance. |
| WV | 25% by 2025 | Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, small hydro | Several coal and natural gas generation sources | Credit trading is allowed, with noncompliance assessments to be determined by state regulators. Renewable generation may receive credit multipliers, with additional credit earned for locating on abandoned strip mines. |
| WI | 10% by 2015 |
Solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, LFG/MSW, small hydro, marine | Pyrolysis [47], synthetic gas, direct use of solar or biomass heat, ground-source heat pumps | Credit trading is allowed. |