ÿþ<html xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:my="http://localhost/namespace"> <head> <META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-16"> <title>Japan Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal</title> <meta name="description" content="Japan Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal"> <meta name="keywords" content="Japan Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <LINK HREF="../cabs.css" TYPE="text/css" REL="StyleSheet"> </head> <body> <table width="670px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:solid 1px #000000"> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" colspan="2"><img src="../images/PrintHeader.jpg" alt="Country Analysis Briefs Header"><br><span class="cssPrintHeader" style="padding-left:10px;">Japan<br></span><span class="cssContent">Last Updated: March 2011<p></p></span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="545" height="1"></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Background</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="125" class="cssTakeAway"> Japan is the world's largest importer of LNG and coal and the third largest net importer of oil. </td> <td class="cssContent"> <div><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> has few domestic energy resources and is only 16 percent energy self-sufficient. <span class="country_region">Japan</span> is the third largest oil consumer in the world behind the <span class="country_region">United States</span> and <span class="country_region"><span class="place">China</span></span> and the third-largest net importer of crude oil. It is the world's largest importer of both liquefied natural gas (LNG) and coal. In light of the country s lack of sufficient domestic hydrocarbon resources, Japanese energy companies have actively pursued participation in upstream oil and natural gas projects overseas and provide engineering, construction, financial, and project management services for energy projects around the world. <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> is one of the major exporters of energy-sector capital equipment and has a strong energy research and development program that is supported by the government, which pursues energy efficiency measures domestically in order to increase the country s energy security and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. <p></p> </div> <div>On Friday, March 11, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Sendai, <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span>, triggering a large tsunami. The earthquake and ensuing damage resulted in a shutdown of 6,800 MW of electric generating capacity at four nuclear power stations that have a total capacity of 12,000 MW (some plants previously offline for maintenance). Other energy infrastructure such as electrical grid, refineries, and gas and oil-fired power plants were also affected by the earthquake. <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> likely will require additional natural gas and oil to provide electricity, however power demand may be dampened at least in the short term as a result of the destruction of homes and businesses. According to some industry estimates, fuel oil and natural gas consumption could increase by up to 238,000 bbl/d and 1.2 Bcf/d, respectively, depending on the combination of fuel substitution. <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div align="center"> <div align="center" title="Map of Japan" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/japan-map.gif" alt="Map of Japan" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div>Total primary energy consumption in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> is over 22 quadrillion British thermal units. Oil is the most consumed energy resource in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>, although its share of total energy consumption has declined from about 80 percent in the 1970s to 46 percent in 2009. Coal continues to account for a significant share of total energy consumption, although natural gas and nuclear power are increasingly important sources. <span class="country_region">Japan</span> is the third largest consumer of nuclear power in the world, after the <span class="country_region">United States</span> and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">France</span></span>. Hydroelectric power and renewable energy account for a relatively small percentage of total energy consumption in the country. <p></p> </div> <div align="center"> <div align="center" title="" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Japan Total Energy Consumption 2008.gif" alt="" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Oil</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="125" class="cssTakeAway"> Japan relied on oil imports to meet 45 percent of its energy needs in 2009.</td> <td class="cssContent"> <div><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> has very limited domestic oil reserves, amounting to 44 million barrels as of January 2011, according to <span style="font-style: italic;">The Oil and Gas Journal</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> (OGJ)</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, </span>down from the 58 million barrels reported by <span style="font-style: italic;">OGJ</span> in 2007. <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>'s domestic oil reserves are concentrated primarily along the country s western coastline. Offshore areas surrounding <span class="country_region">Japan</span>, such as the East China Sea, also contain oil and gas deposits; however, development of these zones is held up by competing territorial claims with <span class="place"><span class="country_region">China</span></span> (see the <a href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/East_China_Sea/Background.html"><span style="">East China Sea Brief</span></a> for more information). While a preliminary accord was reached between the 2 governments in May 2008 over 2 fields - Chunxiao/Shirakaba and Longjing/Asunaro - in September 2010, <span class="country_region">Japan</span> urged <span class="place"><span class="country_region">China</span></span> to implement the agreement as tensions rise over the contested area. <p></p> </div> <div>Consequently, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> relies heavily on imports to meet its consumption needs. <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> maintains government-controlled oil stocks to ensure against a supply interruption. Total strategic oil stocks in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> were 596 million barrels at the end of December 2010, with 54 percent being government stocks and 46 percent commercial stocks, according to EIA.<p></p> </div> <div><span class="country_region">Japan</span> consumed 4.4 million barrels per day (bbl/d) of oil in 2010, making it the third largest petroleum consumer in the world, behind the <span class="country_region">United States</span> and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">China</span></span>. However, oil demand in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> has been declining since 2005. This decline stems from structural factors, such as fuel substitution, an aging population, and government-mandated energy efficiency targets. In addition to the shift to natural gas in the industrial sector, fuel substitution is occurring in the residential sector as high prices have decreased demand for kerosene in home heating.<p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Japan's Oil Production and Consumption 1990-2010.gif" alt="" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div>The Japanese government s 2006 New National Energy Strategy emphasized increased energy conservation and efficiency. The government aims to reduce the share of oil consumed in its primary energy mix as well as the share of oil used in the transportation sector. Oil as a percentage of total primary energy demand has fallen from roughly 80 percent of the energy mix in the 1970s to about 46 percent in 2009, made possible by increased energy efficiency and the expanded use of nuclear power and natural gas. Among the large developed world economies, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> has one of the lowest energy intensities, as high levels of investment in research and development of energy technology since the 1970s has substantially increased energy efficiency. <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Sector Organization</span><br><div>Although <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> is a minor oil producing country, it has a robust oil sector comprised of various state-run, private, and foreign companies. Until 2004, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s oil sector was dominated by the Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC), which was formed by the Japanese government in 1967 and charged with promoting oil exploration and production domestically and overseas. In 2004, JNOC s profitable business units were spun off into new companies in order to introduce greater competition into <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s energy sector. Many of JNOC s activities were taken over by the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), a state-run enterprise charged with aiding Japanese companies involved in exploration and production overseas and promoting commodity stockpiling domestically. New companies were formed, of which the 2 largest are Inpex, now <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s largest oil and gas company, and the Japan Petroleum Exploration Company (Japex). Both companies carried out successful initial public offerings on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, although the Japanese government maintains an equity stake in each firm. <p></p> </div> <div>Private Japanese firms dominate the country s large and competitive downstream sector, as foreign companies have historically faced regulatory restrictions. But over the last several years, these regulations have been eased, which has led to increased competition in the petroleum-refining sector. Chevron, BP, Shell, and BHP Billiton are among the foreign energy companies involved in providing products and services to the Japanese market as well as being joint venture partners in many of <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>'s overseas projects. <p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Domestic Production and Exploration</span><br><div>In 2010, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s total oil production was roughly 132,631 bbl/d, of which only 4,940 bbl/d was crude oil. The vast majority of <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s oil production comes in the form of refinery gain, resulting from the country s large petroleum refining sector. <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> has 145 producing oil wells in 13 fields, according to <span style="font-style: italic;">The </span><span style="font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="font-style: italic;">il and Gas Journal</span>. The pace of the domestic exploration program slowed in 2009-2010, reportedly due to the low rate of production compared with exploration costs.<p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Overseas Exploration and Production</span><br><div>Because of the country s lack of domestic oil resources, Japanese oil companies have sought participation in exploration and production projects overseas with government backing. The government s 2006 energy strategy plan encourages Japanese companies to increase energy exploration and development projects around the world to secure a stable supply of oil and natural gas. The Japan Bank for International Cooperation supports upstream companies by offering loans at favorable rates, thereby allowing Japanese companies to bid effectively for projects in key producing countries. Such financial support helps Japanese companies to purchase stakes in oil and gas fields around the world, reinforcing national supply security while guaranteeing their own financial stability. The government's goal is to import 40 percent of the country s total crude oil imports from Japanese-owned concessions by 2030, up from the current estimated 19 percent. <p></p> </div> <div><span class="country_region">Japan</span> s overseas oil projects are primarily located in the Middle East and <span class="place">Southeast Asia</span>. Japanese oil companies involved in exploration and production projects overseas include: Inpex, Cosmo Oil, Idemitsu Kosan Co., Japan Energy Development Corporation, Japex, Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Nippon Oil, and others. Many of these companies are involved in small-scale projects that were originally set up by JNOC. However, many are involved in high-profile upstream projects involving major investments in overseas ventures in recent years.<p></p> </div> <div>Some of the major upstream projects that Japanese companies are involved in overseas are:<p></p> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Middle East and </span><span class="place"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Africa</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><p></p> </div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="country_region">Kuwait</span> and Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone: Khafji and Hout fields - Japanese-owned Arabian Oil Company (AOC) once held a 40% stake in exploration for the Khafji and Hout oil fields in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Kuwait</span></span> and the Neutral Zone. Subsequent concession expirations have left the AOC with a limited, technical role and a 100,000 bbl/d purchase contract from Khafji field until 2023.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">United Arab Emirates (UAE): Adma Block - Japan Oil Development Co. (JODCO), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Inpex, holds a 12% stake in 4 of the fields and a 40% stake in a fifth field. JODCO is involved in developing the fields, which began producing in 1982. Development is continuing to maintain and expand output. Additionally, offshore UAE and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Qatar</span></span>, Mubarraz and 2 other fields are 100% staked by the consortium of Nippon Oil, Cosmo Oil, Tokyo Electric, Chubu Electric, and Kansai Electric. Crude oil produced is exported under the name Mubarraz Blend.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Egypt</span></span>: West Bakr Block - A joint venture between Inpex and Mitsui with 100% interest in exploration and development, oil production began in 1980; the contract extends to 2020.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Algeria: El Ouar 1 and 2 Blocks - Inpex holds a 10% working interest in these onshore fields containing oil, gas, and condensates. Development is continuing in conjunction with Sonatrach.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Congo</span></span>: 11 offshore oil fields - Inpex holds a 32% stake. Production began in 1975; the contract was extended to 2023. Production remains stable due to ongoing development.</span></div> <p></p> <div><span class="place"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Northern Europe</span></span><p></p> </div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Norway: North Sea offshore - Idemitsu Kosan currently produces 28,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day (boe/d) from its interests in 5 producing fields in Norway's North Sea (Snorre, Tordis/Vigdis, Statfjord East, Sygna, Fram), and was awarded 2 exploration licenses in September 2009 in a joint venture with Osaka Gas for 2 additional blocks near currently producing Snorre and Fram fields, in which Idemitsu Kosan also holds shares.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">U.K.: North Sea offshore - Idemitsu Kosan acquired Petro Summit Investment UK from Sumitomo Corp. in November 2009, and is producing 5,000 boe/d from 9 fields. It is also involved in exploration and development of 4 licensed blocks west of the <span class="place">Shetland Islands</span>, having discovering crude and gas in mid-2009. Additionally, Nippon Oil has stakes from 2% to 45% in the <span class="place">North Sea</span> offshore Magnus, Brae, Andrew, Blane, and other fields. Its net production is currently 12,600 boe/d.</span></div> <p></p> <div><span class="place"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Caspian Sea</span></span><p></p> </div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Azerbaijan</span></span>: Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Project (ACG) - Inpex has a 10% stake in ACG, which is now producing an estimated 1 MMbbl/d. </span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="country_region">Kazakhstan</span>: <span class="place">North Caspian Sea</span> project, Kashagan oil field - Inpex has a 7.56% stake. Initial production is projected at 450,000 bbl/d at end-2014. Peak production target is 1.5 MMbbl/d by the end of the decade. </span></div> <p></p> <div><span class="place"><span class="country_region"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Russia</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><p></p> </div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Sakhalin-1 - The Sakhalin Oil and Gas development Company (SODECO), a consortium of public and private Japanese oil companies, holds a 30% interest. Sakhalin-1 oil production reached 250,000 in February 2009.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Sakhalin-II - Mitsui and Mitsubishi have a combined interest of 22.5% in the oil field; estimated reserves are 1 billion barrels.</span></div> <p></p> <div><span class="place"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Asia</span></span><p></p> </div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Indonesia</span></span>: Offshore Mahakam Block and Attaka unit - Inpex has a 50% stake in each project and production-sharing contracts lasting to 2017 with the Indonesian government. Crude and condensate are shipped mainly to oil refineries and power utilities in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>. Negotiations are underway to extend the contracts. Additionally, Nippon Oil and JOGMEC in joint venture own a 17% stake, currently under exploration and development, in the Berau Block integrated area. </span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="country_region">Australia</span>: Van Gogh and Ravensworth oil fields - Inpex has a 47.5% interest in Van Gogh, which started up in first quarter 2010 with a 150,000 bbl/d capacity, and a 28.5% interest in neighboring Ravensworth, which started up in September 2010 as part of the 96,000 bbl/d <span class="place">Pyrenees</span> project. Additionally, Nippon Oil has a 25% stake in the NW Shelf Mutineer and <span class="place">Exeter</span> fields. Its net production is currently 1,500 Boe/d, and it also has 5 other fields in various stages of development.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Vietnam: Nam Rong/Doi Moi offshore oil fields - Idemitsu Kosan has a 15% stake in these fields, which began production February 2010 at 20,000 bbl/d; Idemitsu's portion is 1,500 bbl/d. Idemitsu, together with Nippon Oil and Teikoku Oil, holds interests in 2 other offshore fields currently under exploration.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Papua New Guinea: onshore blocks at Kutubu and Moran - a consortium of Nippon Oil, Mitsubishi, and the Japanese government own interests in various fields under exploration, development, production.</span></div> <p></p> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">The </span><span class="place"><span class="country_region"><span style="font-weight: bold;">America</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">s</span></span></span><p></p> </div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="country_region">Brazil</span>: Frade block, <span class="place">Northern Campos Basin</span> - a joint venture of Inpex, JOGMEC, and Sojitz Corp hold 18.3% interest in this offshore block. Production began in 2009; peak production of 90,000 bbl/d is projected for 2011.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="country_region">Canada</span>: <span class="place">Alberta</span> oil sands syncrude project - Nippon Oil has a 5% stake. Production capacity was 350,000 bbl/d in 2006. <span class="place">Nippon</span>'s share was 14,000 bbl/d in 2009. </span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="country_region">Canada</span>: Athabasca oil sands project, <span class="place">Alberta</span> - Japex is involved in this project, its share in 2007 production was 7,000 bbl/d.</span></div> <p></p><span class="cssSubheading1">Imports</span><br><div><span class="country_region">Japan</span> was the third-largest net importer of oil in the world after the <span class="country_region">United States</span> and <span class="country_region"><span class="place">China</span></span> in 2009, having imported 4.3 million bbl/d. The country is primarily dependent on the <span class="place">Middle East</span> for its oil imports, as roughly 80 percent of Japanese crude oil imports originate in the region, up from 70 percent in the mid-1980s. <span class="country_region">Japan</span> is currently looking towards <span class="country_region">Russia</span>, South East Asia, and <span class="place">Africa</span> to geographically diversify its oil imports. <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="Japan's Crude Oil Imports by Major Sources, 2009" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Japan's Crude Oil Imports by Major Sources 2009.gif" alt="Japan's Crude Oil Imports by Major Sources, 2009" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div>For a consumer of its size, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> has a relatively limited domestic pipeline transmission system. Crude oil and petroleum products are delivered to consumers mainly by coastal tankers and tank trucks, as well as railroad tankers and pipelines.<p></p> </div> <div><span class="country_region">Russia</span>'s Transneft, backed by the Russian government, is building the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean pipeline (ESPO), a 2,900 mile pipeline from Taishet, Siberia to Nakhodka on the <span class="place">Pacific Ocean</span>, to export Russian oil to the energy hubs of the Asia-Pacific region. In August 2010, the first section of the pipeline was completed, running from eastern Siberia to <span class="place"><span class="country_region">China</span></span>'s northeastern frontier. The remainder of the pipeline is still under construction, to be completed in 2012, and is expected to transport up to 1.6 million bbl/d, about one-third of <span class="country_region">Russia</span>'s current oil exports, to <span class="country_region">China</span>, <span class="country_region">Japan</span>, and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">South Korea</span></span>. <p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Downstream/Refining</span><br><div>According to <span style="font-style: italic;">OGJ</span>, <span class="country_region">Japan</span> had 4.7 million bbl/d of oil refining capacity at 30 facilities as of January 2011, and has the second-largest refining capacity in the Asia-Pacific region after <span class="place"><span class="country_region">China</span></span>. In recent years, the refining sector in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> has been characterized by overcapacity as domestic petroleum product consumption has fallen and is forecast to continue to fall due to the contraction in industrial output and the decline in transportation fuel demand since blending with ethanol has become mandatory. Japanese refiners aim to shut down 600,000 bbl/d of capacity by 2012. Currently, private refiners in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> are required to maintain petroleum product stocks equivalent to at least 70 days of consumption, which imposes large additional costs to these companies.<p></p> </div> <div>Refiners are increasingly looking abroad for markets for their surplus petroleum products and some analysts predict that <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> may become a significant exporter of refined products in the long term. In addition to selling products abroad, Japanese refiners are directly investing in refinery projects overseas. For example, in November 2006, Idemitsu Kosan and Cosmo Oil each acquired a 10-percent equity stake in a new refinery project located in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Qatar</span></span>. The facility has a refining capacity of 146,000 bbl/d and was <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>'s first overseas refinery investment, coming online in 2009. <p></p> </div> <div>The March 11 earthquake in <span class="place">Northeastern Japan</span> caused a shutdown of at least 1.2 million bbl/d or 26 percent of the current capacity. According to trade press, <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> will likely import refined products, particularly low sulfur fuel oil, in order to offset shortfalls in fuel supply for power generation. Demand for naphtha is expected to fall as some petrochemical plants remain offline and operating rates are reduced. <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Natural Gas</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="125" class="cssTakeAway"> Japan relies on LNG imports for virtually all of its natural gas needs.</td> <td class="cssContent"> <div>According to <span style="font-style: italic;">The </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Oil </span><span style="font-style: italic;">and </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Gas Journal (OGJ)</span>, <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> had 738 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2011. Natural gas proven reserves have declined since 2007, when they measured 1.4 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). Most natural gas fields are located along the western coastline.<p></p> </div> <div align="center"> <div align="center" title="" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Dry Gas Production 1990-2009.gif" alt="" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Sector Organization</span><br><div>Inpex and other companies created from the former Japan National Oil Company are the primary actors in <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> s domestic natural gas sector, as in the oil sector. Inpex, Mitsubishi, Mitsui, and various other Japanese companies are actively involved in domestic as well as overseas natural gas exploration and production. Osaka Gas, Tokyo Gas, and Toho Gas are <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s largest retail natural gas companies, with a combined share of about 75 percent of the retail market. Japanese retail gas and electric companies are participating directly in overseas upstream LNG projects to assure reliability of supply. <p></p> </div> <div>Although <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> is a large natural gas consumer, it has a relatively limited domestic natural gas pipeline transmission system for a consumer of its size. This is partly due to geographical constraints posed by the country s mountainous terrain, but it is also the result of previous regulations that limited investment in the sector. Reforms enacted in 1995 and 1999 helped open the sector to greater competition and a number of new private companies have entered the industry since the reforms. <p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Production and Exploration </span><br><div><span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> produced 181 Bcf of natural gas in 2009. <span class="country_region">Japan</span> s largest natural gas field is the Minami-Nagaoka on the western coast of Honshu, which produces about 50 percent of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span>'s domestic gas. Discovered by Inpex in 1979, field exploration and development are still ongoing. The gas produced is transported via an 808-mile pipeline network that stretches across the region surrounding the <span class="place">Tokyo</span> metropolitan area. Inpex is building an LNG terminal with a 73 Bcf/y capacity at Naoetsu port in <span class="place">Joetsu City</span> which will connect its domestic pipeline infrastructure with its overseas assets by the end of 2013. <p></p> </div> <div>Japex has been involved in locating new domestic reserves in the Niigata, Akita, and Hokkaido regions of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span>, targeting structures near existing oil and gas fields. However, the pace of the domestic exploration program is reportedly set to slow in fiscal year 2009-2010 due to the low rate of production when compared with exploration costs.<p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Liquefied Natural Gas Imports</span><br><div>Because of its limited natural gas resources, <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> must rely on imports to meet its natural gas needs. <span class="country_region">Japan</span> began importing LNG from <span class="place">Alaska</span> in 1969, making it a pioneer in the global LNG trade. Due to environmental concerns, the Japanese government has encouraged natural gas consumption in the country and <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> accounted for about 36 percent of global LNG imports in 2009, according to Cedigaz. In 2009, <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> consumed some 3.5 Tcf of natural gas, importing about 3.0 Tcf of LNG by tanker. According to FACTS Global Energy, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s LNG imports rose nearly 9 percent to 3.3 Tcf in 2010. <p></p> </div> <div>As a result of the March 11 earthquake, the country is likely to import more spot LNG along with other fuels to cover the nuclear power outages as occurred after the last earthquake disruption at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear facility in 2007. Only one small regasification terminal, Shin Minato LNG, shut down as a result of the recent earthquake, allowing the country to continue importing LNG and potentially compensate for some portion of lost nuclear capacity. <span class="country_region">Qatar</span>, <span class="country_region">Russia</span>, and <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Indonesia</span></span> have offered Japan LNG spot cargoes. <p></p> </div> <div>The power sector is the largest consumer of LNG, followed by the industrial sector. Increased use of natural gas within these sectors has been one of the main drivers of growth in natural gas demand in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>.<p></p> </div> <div><span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> has over 40 operating LNG import terminals with a total throughput capacity well in excess of demand in order to assure flexibility. The majority of LNG terminals are located in the main population centers of Tokyo, Osaka, and <span class="place">Nagoya</span>, near major urban and manufacturing hubs, and are owned by local power companies, either alone or in partnership with gas companies. These same companies own much of <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s LNG tanker fleet. <p></p> </div> <div align="center"> <div align="center" title="" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/LNG Imports by Source 2010.gif" alt="" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div>Japanese regulations permit individual utilities and natural gas distribution companies to sign LNG supply contracts with foreign sources, in addition to directly importing spot cargoes. The largest LNG supply agreements are held by Tokyo Gas, Osaka Gas, Toho Gas, Chubu Electric and TEPCO, primarily with countries in Southeast Asia and the <span class="place">Middle East</span>. Many of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span>'s existing LNG contracts date from the 1970s and 1980s, and are set to expire over the next decade. Some industry analysts suggest that this is driving Japanese firms interest in acquiring equity stakes in foreign LNG projects, in an effort to guarantee future supply. In addition to long-term contracts, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> receives a significant number of spot cargoes. <p></p> </div> <div>Contracted imports remain vital to the country, however, which has lead to the renegotiation of long-term supply deals, especially with <span class="country_region">Indonesia</span>, one of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> s largest LNG suppliers. New supply contracts are also being made as various overseas LNG projects, in which Japanese companies have interests, come online. <p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Overseas Exploration and Production</span><br><div>Japanese companies have actively sought participation in natural gas exploration and production projects abroad. Some of the major overseas upstream projects that <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> is involved in are:<p></p> </div> <div><span class="place"><span class="country_region"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Australia</span></span></span><p></p> </div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Ichthys Project, <span class="place">Browse Basin, Western Australia</span> - Inpex holds a 76% stake in this offshore LNG project, which is projected to come onstream in 2016. It is expected to produce 377 Bcf/y of LNG, most of which is reportedly intended for export to <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>. </span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Mimia Project, <span class="place">Browse Basin</span> - Inpex has a 60% stake. In 2008, Inpex announced that it made a new natural gas discovery in the Mimia-1 well, WA-344-P block. Total owns 40 percent. The companies are considering linking the development of the Mimia field to the Ichthys project as they are in fairly close proximity.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Pluto LNG Project - Tokyo Gas and Kansai Electric each acquired a 5-percent stake in Woodside's Pluto LNG project and signed a deal for 182 Bcf/y of LNG for 15 years. <span style="">The first train is expected to come online in March 2011</span><span style="">,</span><span style=""> with estimated new capacity of 200 Bcf</span><span style="">/y</span><span style=""> of LNG.</span></span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Timor Sea Joint Petroleum Development Area, including Bayu-Undan gas field - Inpex, Tokyo Gas, and TEPCO combined own 20%. An LNG sales agreement was signed in 2005 for annual supply of 146 Bcf/y; first shipment began February 2006.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="place">Darwin</span> LNG Terminal - Inpex, TEPCO, and Tokyo Gas hold a combined 20.5 percent stake in the 170 Bcf/y Darwin LNG terminal, which came online in 2006. TEPCO and Tokyo Gas have contracts totaling 146 Bcf/y for a period of 17 years.</span></div> <p></p> <div><span class="country_region"><span class="place"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Russia</span></span></span><p></p> </div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Sakhalin-II - Mitsui and Mitsubishi hold stakes of 22.5 percent combined. Although Shell was originally the main operator of Sakhalin-II, in April 2007 Gazprom became the majority shareholder and the holdings of Shell, Mitsui, and Mitsubishi were reduced to 27.5, 12.5, and 10 percent respectively. In June 2008, the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) and a consortium of international commercial banks pledged $5.3 billion in project financing. Sakhalin II went online in February 2009. At its peak, Sakhalin-II is expected to produce 468 Bcf/y and approximately 60 percent of the project s LNG will be sold to <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span>, with 9 Japanese companies as customers.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Vladivostok LNG terminal - In July 2010, <span class="country_region">Japan</span> and <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span> signed a preliminary agreement to build an LNG terminal with liquefaction capacity of 244 Bcf/y by 2017. </span></div> <p></p> <div><span class="place"><span class="country_region"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Indonesia</span></span></span><p></p> </div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Masela Block, Abadi gas field, <span class="place">Timor Sea</span> - Inpex holds a 100% stake in this field, which it estimates holds over 10 Tcf of natural reserves. Inpex is planning to build a floating LNG plant with a 220 Bcf/y capacity, and the project is expected to be online and shipping 150-250 Bcf/y of LNG to <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> and elsewhere in 2016. </span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Senoro LNG plant, <span class="place">Sulawesi</span> - Mitsubishi holds 51 percent equity. The Senoro gas field is estimated to hold 1.5 Tcf of reserves. Mitsubishi is building a 97 Bcf/y LNG plant and will be the sole buyer of LNG from the plant, which is scheduled to come onstream in 2012. </span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Mahakam Block and Attaka Unit, <span class="place">Offshore Kalimantan Island</span> - Inpex and Total each hold 50 percent equity. These fields began producing in 1972, and a number of other gas and oil fields were discovered and included in the project. Most of the natural gas is sent to <span class="country_region">Indonesia</span>'s Bontang liquefaction plant before being shipped to <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Japan</span></span> as LNG. Inpex has a 20-year contract extending to 2017 and is currently negotiating to extend it further. </span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing">Berau Block, Tangguh LNG Project, <span class="place">Papua Province</span> - A joint venture between Inpex and Mitsubishi has a 22.9% interest in the Berau Block and a 16.5% interest in the Tangguh Project. Reserves are estimated at 14.4 Tcf. The first cargo of LNG was shipped in July 2009. <span class="country_region">China</span>, <span class="country_region">South Korea</span>, and <span class="place">North America</span> have long-term sales agreements for the 363 Bdf/y of production.</span></div> <div class="cssListItem" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span class="cssListCharSpacing"><span class="place">North Belut</span> gas field, South Natuna Sea - Inpex has a 35% interest in this project, which is led by ConocoPhillips. The field came online December 2009 at 97 Bcf/y; the gas is shipped to Malaysia under contract.</span></div> <p></p> <div> <p></p> </div> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Electricity</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="125" class="cssTakeAway"> Japan is the world s third largest producer of nuclear power.</td> <td class="cssContent"> <div>In 2008, <span class="country_region">Japan</span> had 281 gigawatts (GW) of total installed electricity generating capacity, the third largest in the world behind the <span class="country_region">United States</span> and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">China</span></span>. During 2008, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> generated 1,015 billion kilowatthours (Bkwh) of electric power and consumed 964 Bkwh. Of the country s total 2009 electric power generation of 982 Bkwh, 63 percent came from conventional thermal sources, 27 percent came from nuclear sources, 8 percent from hydroelectric sources, and 2 percent from other renewables. Although <span class="country_region">Japan</span> accounts for the most electricity consumption in OECD Asia, it has one of the lowest electricity demand growth rates in the region, projected at an average of 0.7 percent from 2007 through 2018 by the Federation of Electric Power Companies of <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>. The damage to homes and industries by the earthquake will lower power demand in the short run until reconstruction efforts begin to unfold, and the mix of fuel sources could shift as some nuclear facilities remain offline. <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Electricity Generation 1990-2009.gif" alt="" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Sector Organization</span><br><div><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s electricity industry is dominated by 10 privately-owned, integrated power companies that act as regional monopolies, accounting for about 85 percent of the country's total installed generating capacity. The remainder is generated by industrial facilities. The largest power company is the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), which accounts for 27 percent of total power generation in the country. These companies also control the country s regional transmission and distribution infrastructure. <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>'s electricity policies are managed by the Agency for Natural Resources and Environment, part of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. <p></p> </div> <div>Other significant operators in the electricity market are the Japan Atomic Power Company, the first Japanese company to build a nuclear reactor in 1960, which currently operates 4 nuclear power plants with 2.6 GW total and sells electricity to the local power companies, and the Electric Power Development Company (J-Power), formerly a state-owned enterprise that was privatized in 2004. J-Power operates 16 GW of hydroelectric and thermal power plants. It has also been involved in consulting services for electricity production and environmental protection in 63 countries, mainly in the developing world, since 1960.<p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading1">Electricity Generation</span><br><span class="cssSubheading2"></span><br><span class="cssSubheading2">Conventional Thermal</span><br><div>In 2008, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> had about 179 GW of conventional thermal electric generating capacity. According to <span class="place">Japan Electric Power Information Center</span>, there are currently 60 thermal power plants, and 5 more are under construction: 2 using LNG and 3 using coal for generation. The country's aging oil-fired power plants are used primarily as extra capacity to meet peak demand, and less than 10 percent of electricity produced currently is oil-generated. The number of natural gas-fired power stations is increasing in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> and roughly 26 percent of electricity is natural gas-fired. Coal remains an important fuel source and accounts for roughly 28 percent of electricity generation. Domestic coal production came to an end in 2002 and <span class="country_region">Japan</span> imported 182 million short tons in 2009, for which <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Australia</span></span> was the main supplier. New, clean coal technologies are being pursued in the power sector, however, in efforts to meet environmental targets.<p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading2">Nuclear</span><br><div><span class="country_region">Japan</span> currently has 54 operating nuclear reactors with a total installed generating capacity of around 49 GW, making it the third-largest nuclear power generator in the world behind the <span class="country_region">United States</span> and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">France</span></span>. EIA preliminary data shows that <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> produced 266 BKwh of nuclear-generated electricity in 2009. The government stated plans to increase nuclear's share of total electricity generation from 24 percent in 2008 to 40 percent by 2017 and to 50 percent by 2030, according to the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Though, the March 11 earthquake could impact the growth of nuclear energy at least in the short and medium term. Over 12,000 MW of nuclear capacity at the <span class="place">Fukushima</span>, Onagawa, and Tokai facilities ceased operations after the earthquake and tsunami, and some of the reactors could be permanently damaged after emergency seawater pumping efforts. Below is a snapshot of <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> s key nuclear facilities including those affected by the earthquake. <p></p> </div> <div><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> has a full fuel cycle setup, including enrichment and reprocessing of used fuel for recycling. <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> has promoted nuclear electricity over the years as a means of diversifying its energy sources and reducing carbon emissions, emphasizing safety and reliability. The World Nuclear Association reports there are currently 2 nuclear plants under construction and another 12 in planning stages. According to the Federation of Electric Power Companies in <span class="country_region">Japan</span>, nuclear power makes a great contribution to <span class="country_region">Japan</span>'s energy security by reducing its energy imports requirement by approximately 440 MMbbl/d per year and, because nuclear energy emits no CO<span style="vertical-align: sub;">2</span>, it reduces <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>'s CO<span style="vertical-align: sub;">2</span> emissions by about 14 percent per year. <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Map of Japan's Nuclear Power Plants.gif" alt="" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div>Source: Global Insight<p></p> </div><span class="cssSubheading2">Hydro and Other Renewables</span><br><div><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span> had installed hydroelectric generating capacity of 22 GW in 2008, accounting for about 8 percent of total capacity. The Japanese government has been promoting small hydropower projects to serve local communities through subsidies and by simplifying procedures. There are also a number of large hydropower projects under development, including the 2,350-MW Kannagawa plant due online in 2017 and the 1,200-MW Omarugawa plant due online in 2011. <p></p> </div> <div>Wind and solar power are being actively pursued in the country and installed capacity from these sources has increased in recent years to about 3.9 GW in 2008, up from 0.8 GW in 2004. However, they continue to account for a relatively small share of generation at this time. <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Profile</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssContent"> <table summary="" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssHeader2">Energy Overview</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Proven Oil Reserves (January 1, 2011)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">44 million barrels</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Oil Production (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">132,656 barrels per day, of which 5,329 barrels per day were crude oil.</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Oil Consumption (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">4.4 million barrels per day</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Crude Oil Distillation Capacity (2010E)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">4.6 million barrels per day</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Proven Natural Gas Reserves (January 1, 2011)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">738 billion cubic feet</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Natural Gas Production (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">181 billion cubic feet</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Natural Gas Consumption (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">3,536 billion cubic feet</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Recoverable Coal Reserves (2009E)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">380 million short tons</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Coal Production (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">None </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Coal Consumption (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">182 million short tons</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Electricity Installed Capacity (2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">281 gigawatts</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Electricity Generation (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">982 billion kilowatt hours</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Electricity Consumption (2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">964 billion kilowatt hours</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Total Energy Consumption (2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">22.3 quadrillion Btus*, of which Oil (45%), Coal (22%), Natural Gas (18%), Nuclear (11%), Hydroelectricity (3%), Other Renewables (1%)</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Total Per Capita Energy Consumption (2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">175 million Btus</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Energy Intensity (2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">5,579 Btu per $2005-PPP**</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" style="height:10px"></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssHeader2">Oil and Gas Industry</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Organization</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">The Japanese government began breaking up former state-owned enterprise Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC) in 2001. Japan s oil and natural gas sectors are open to foreign involvement, although the government still plays a small role in the industry. </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Major Refineries (capacity, bbl/d)(2010E)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">Cosmo Oil (Chiba - 228,000; Sakai - 76,000; Sakaide - 114,000; Yokkaichi - 147,250); Fuji Oil (Sodegaura - 192,000); Idemitsu Kosen (Aichi - 152,000; Chiba - 209,000; Yamaguchi - 114,000; Hokkaido - 133,000); Japan Energy (Okoyama - 194,940); Kashima Oil (Ibaragi - 180,500); Kyokuto Petroleum (Chiba) 171,500); Nansei (Okinawa - 100,000); Nippon Oil (Negishi - 340,000; Muroran - 190,000; Oita - 160,000; Mizushima  250,000; Sendai - 145,000; Osaka - 115,000; Yamaguchi - 127,000); Okinawa Oil (Okinawa - 100,000); Seibu Oil (Yamaguchi - 111,000); Showa Co. (Yokkaichi - 193,000); Taiyo Oil (Ehime - 120,000); Toa Oil (Kawasaki - 65,000; Kawasaki - 110,000) Tonen General (Kawasaki  296,000; Sakai - 139,500; Wakayama - 160,000).</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" style="height:10px"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="cssSmallNote"> * The total energy consumption statistic includes petroleum, dry natural gas, coal, net hydro, nuclear, geothermal, solar, wind, wood and waste electric power.<br> **GDP figures from Global Insight estimates based on purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates. </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Links</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssContent"><span class="cssHeader2">EIA Links</span><br><a href="http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=JA" target="_newWin">EIA - Country Information on Japan</a><br><p></p><span class="cssHeader2">U.S. Government</span><br><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/" target="_newWin">CIA World Factbook</a><br><a href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html" target="_newWin">Library of Congress Country Study on Japan</a><br><a href="http://tokyo.usembassy.gov/" target="_newWin">U.S. Embassy in Tokyo</a><br><a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm" target="_newWin">U.S. State Department Background Notes on Japan</a><br><p></p><span class="cssHeader2">Foreign Government Agencies</span><br><a href="http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/index.htm" target="_newWin">Japanese Agency for Natural Resources and Energy</a><br><a href="http://www.meti.go.jp/english/index.html" target="_newWin">Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry</a><br><a href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/" target="_newWin">Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a><br><p></p><span class="cssHeader2">Oil and Natural Gas</span><br><a href="http://www.cosmo-oil.co.jp/eng/index.html" target="_newWin">Cosmo Oil</a><br><a href="http://www.iog-idemitsu.co.jp/project/uk/wos.html" target="_newWin">Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.</a><br><a href="http://www.inpex.co.jp/english/index.html" target="_newWin">Inpex Corporation</a><br><a href="http://www.jogmec.go.jp/english/index.html" target="_newWin">Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC)</a><br><a href="http://www.japex.co.jp/english/index.html" target="_newWin">Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd. (Japex)</a><br><a href="http://www.moeco.co.jp/" target="_newWin">Mitsui Oil Exploration Co., Ltd.</a><br><a href="http://www.noe.jx-group.co.jp/english/" target="_newWin">Nippon Oil Corporation</a><br><a href="http://www.chuden.co.jp/english/\oChubuElectricPower" target="_newWin">Chubu Electric Power</a><br><a href="http://www.jpower.co.jp/english/" target="_newWin">Electric Power Development Company (J-Power)</a><br><a href="http://www.fepc.or.jp/english/" target="_newWin">Federation of Electric Power Companies (FEPC)</a><br><a href="http://www.japc.co.jp/english/" target="_newWin">Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC)</a><br><a href="http://www.kepco.co.jp/english/" target="_newWin">Kansai Electric Power</a><br><a href="http://www.nsc.go.jp/english/english.htm" target="_newWin">Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan</a><br><a href="http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/index-e.html" target="_newWin">Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)</a><br><p></p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Sources</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssContent"> Asia Pulse <br> BMI Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Insights <br> Business Monitor International <br> Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan <br> Chevron Corp. <br> Global Insight <br> Idemitsu Kosan <br> Inpex <br> Institute of Energy Economics , Japan <br> IntelAsia <br> International Energy Agency <br> International Oil Daily <br> Japan Atomic Power Co. <br> Japan Electric Power Development Co. <br> Japex <br> LNGpedia.com <br> Oil &amp; Gas News <br> Nippon Oil <br> Platts Oilgram News <br> Reuters <br> RTT News <br> Sakhalin Energy Corp. <br> TendersInfo <br> Upstream <br> U.S. Energy Information Administration <br> World Gas Intelligence <br></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Contact Info</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssContent">cabs@eia.gov<br>(202)586-8800<br><a href="mailto:cabs@eia.gov">cabs@eia.gov</a></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>