Released: September, 2008
Table E7. Natural Gas Consumption (Btu) and Energy Intensities by End Use for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003
	Total Natural Gas Consumption (trillion Btu)					Natural Gas Energy Intensity (thousand Btu/square foot)
	Total	Space Heating	Water Heating	Cook- ing	Other	Total	Space Heating	Water Heating	Cook- ing	Other
All Buildings* .......................	1,928	1,316	332	142	137	44.3	30.3	7.6	3.3	3.2
Building Floorspace
(Square Feet)
1,001 to 5,000 ........................	250	155	35	41	18	81.1	50.4	11.5	13.4	5.9
5,001 to 10,000 ......................	209	143	32	30	Q	56.5	38.8	8.7	8.2	Q
10,001 to 25,000 ....................	309	248	32	22	8	43.9	35.1	4.6	3.1	1.1
25,001 to 50,000 ....................	258	188	41	12	Q	42.7	31.1	6.8	2.0	Q
50,001 to 100,000 ..................	244	174	43	8	19	36.5	26.0	6.4	1.2	2.9
100,001 to 200,000 ................	249	170	56	7	16	37.5	25.6	8.4	1.0	2.5
200,001 to 500,000 ................	205	134	44	11	16	36.1	23.5	7.7	2.0	2.9
Over 500,000 .........................	204	105	49	11	40	44.3	22.7	10.7	2.4	8.6
Principal Building Activity
Education ................................	268	207	37	5	19	38.1	29.5	5.2	0.7	2.7
Food Sales .............................	39	27	2	8	Q	51.7	35.6	3.2	11.2	Q
Food Service ..........................	203	54	56	91	Q	145.6	39.0	40.0	65.4	Q
Health Care .............................	243	136	74	10	23	95.3	53.6	28.9	3.8	9.1
Inpatient ................................	204	103	71	9	21	113.2	56.8	39.4	5.2	11.9
Outpatient .............................	38	34	3	Q	Q	51.8	45.6	3.5	Q	Q
Lodging ...................................	215	64	124	14	Q	50.4	15.0	29.2	3.3	Q
Retail (Other Than Mall)...........	91	84	3	3	2	31.9	29.3	1.0	0.9	0.7
Office .....................................	269	230	13	3	23	32.8	28.1	1.6	0.3	2.8
Public Assembly .....................	102	92	2	3	Q	37.5	33.8	0.9	1.0	Q
Public Order and Safety .........	29	15	10	Q	Q	45.0	24.1	15.1	Q	Q
Religious Worship ...................	82	77	2	3	Q	31.2	29.1	0.9	1.0	Q
Service ...................................	139	119	2	Q	17	55.8	47.8	0.9	Q	Q
Warehouse and Storage ........	132	111	4	Q	Q	24.1	20.2	0.7	Q	Q
Other ......................................	87	72	2	Q	12	69.7	57.9	1.7	Q	9.4
Vacant ....................................	28	26	Q	Q	Q	23.7	22.0	Q	Q	Q
Year Constructed
Before 1920 ...........................	143	114	12	15	Q	51.9	41.2	4.4	5.5	Q
1920 to 1945 ..........................	229	150	24	18	37	49.0	32.0	5.1	3.9	8.0
1946 to 1959 ..........................	216	159	34	11	13	46.5	34.0	7.3	2.3	2.7
1960 to 1969 ..........................	255	187	45	10	13	45.3	33.1	8.0	1.8	2.4
1970 to 1979 ..........................	351	244	68	22	17	45.9	31.9	8.9	2.8	2.2
1980 to 1989 ..........................	291	180	68	21	23	45.0	27.8	10.5	3.3	3.5
1990 to 1999 ..........................	314	204	54	30	26	38.4	25.0	6.7	3.6	3.1
2000 to 2003 ..........................	127	79	26	15	6	36.9	23.0	7.7	4.3	1.9
Census Region and Division
Northeast ................................	428	310	49	30	39	46.6	33.8	5.3	3.3	4.2
New England ........................	75	59	Q	Q	5	51.1	40.5	4.5	2.9	Q
Middle Atlantic ......................	353	251	42	26	34	45.8	32.5	5.4	3.4	4.4
Midwest ..................................	705	555	80	29	41	53.5	42.1	6.1	2.2	3.1
East North Central ................	528	424	60	20	24	55.2	44.3	6.3	2.1	2.5
West North Central ...............	177	131	20	8	Q	49.1	36.5	5.5	2.4	4.8
South ......................................	474	263	123	58	31	35.6	19.8	9.2	4.3	2.3
South Atlantic .......................	217	115	56	28	18	34.2	18.1	8.9	4.4	2.9
East South Central ................	102	66	25	6	5	44.6	29.1	11.0	2.6	2.0
West South Central ..............	156	83	42	24	8	33.2	17.6	8.8	5.1	1.7
West .......................................	320	187	81	25	27	41.0	24.0	10.3	3.2	3.5
Mountain ...............................	167	120	33	4	Q	59.7	42.9	12.0	1.4	Q
Pacific ...................................	153	68	47	21	17	30.6	13.5	9.4	4.3	3.4
Climate Zone: 30-Year Average
Under 2,000 CDD and --
More than 7,000 HDD ...........	431	356	46	15	15	56.4	46.5	6.0	2.0	2.0
5,500-7,000 HDD ..................	679	511	92	36	39	52.8	39.8	7.2	2.8	3.1
4,000-5,499 HDD ..................	337	214	52	28	43	41.5	26.3	6.5	3.4	5.3
Fewer than 4,000 HDD .........	358	193	91	41	32	34.1	18.4	8.7	3.9	3.1
2,000 CDD or More and --
Fewer than 4,000 HDD .........	122	42	51	22	8	28.1	9.7	11.6	5.1	1.8
Number of Floors
One .........................................	664	471	91	71	30	44.4	31.5	6.1	4.8	2.0
Two ........................................	491	366	60	27	37	42.9	32.0	5.3	2.4	3.2
Three ......................................	241	178	38	13	11	42.5	31.4	6.8	2.4	1.9
Four to Nine ............................	378	233	91	20	35	49.3	30.3	11.8	2.6	4.5
Ten or More ............................	154	68	52	10	25	41.0	18.0	13.8	2.6	6.6
Number of Workers (main shift)
Fewer than 5 ..........................	272	213	25	15	19	38.8	30.4	3.5	2.2	2.6
5 to 9 ......................................	198	136	32	26	Q	48.5	33.2	7.8	6.4	Q
10 to 19 ..................................	242	166	37	34	5	45.5	31.3	6.9	6.4	1.0
20 to 49 ..................................	395	280	58	31	25	48.1	34.2	7.1	3.8	3.0
50 to 99 ..................................	241	167	46	12	16	39.2	27.1	7.5	1.9	2.6
100 to 249 ..............................	235	161	49	8	16	45.8	31.5	9.6	1.6	3.0
250 or More ............................	344	192	85	15	53	45.6	25.4	11.2	2.0	7.0
Weekly Operating Hours
Fewer than 40 ........................	107	94	Q	4	3	32.9	28.9	Q	1.3	0.8
40 to 48 ..................................	249	220	11	6	13	36.1	31.8	1.5	0.8	1.8
49 to 60 ..................................	374	304	26	18	26	36.7	29.8	2.6	1.8	2.6
61 to 84 ..................................	314	231	30	30	23	42.1	30.9	4.0	4.1	3.1
85 to 167 ................................	257	161	36	45	15	49.2	30.7	7.0	8.7	2.8
Open Continuously .................	626	306	224	38	58	60.1	29.4	21.5	3.7	5.5
Ownership and Occupancy
Nongovernment Owned..........	1,503	995	274	131	103	45.1	29.9	8.2	3.9	3.1
Owner Occupied ..................	708	506	106	42	53	42.8	30.6	6.4	2.5	3.2
Nonowner Occupied ............	779	472	168	89	50	49.0	29.7	10.6	5.6	3.1
Unoccupied ..........................	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Government Owned ...............	425	321	58	11	35	41.9	31.7	5.7	1.1	3.4
Federal .................................	35	27	4	Q	2	32.4	24.9	4.0	Q	2.0
State .....................................	98	76	11	2	10	40.4	31.0	4.6	0.8	3.9
Local .....................................	291	219	43	7	23	43.9	33.0	6.4	1.1	3.5
Vacancy Status
Completely Vacant .................	18	17	(*)	Q	Q	19.4	18.5	0.1	Q	Q
Mostly Vacant ........................	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Partially Vacant ......................	318	231	41	15	31	37.6	27.3	4.9	1.8	3.7
Not At All Vacant ....................	1,582	1,059	291	127	105	46.7	31.3	8.6	3.7	3.1
Number of Establishments
One .........................................	1,462	971	275	118	98	47.9	31.8	9.0	3.9	3.2
2 to 5 ......................................	307	231	41	18	16	40.4	30.5	5.5	2.4	2.1
6 to 10 ....................................	48	38	5	Q	Q	35.4	27.9	3.7	1.7	Q
11 to 20 ..................................	34	26	Q	Q	Q	27.0	20.7	3.4	0.7	Q
More than 20 ..........................	58	32	7	2	Q	32.4	17.9	3.7	1.1	Q
Currently Unoccupied .............	18	17	(*)	Q	Q	19.4	18.5	0.1	Q	Q
Predominant Exterior
Wall Material
Brick, Stone or Stucco ...........	1,127	750	204	93	80	47.9	31.8	8.6	4.0	3.4
Concrete (Block or Poured) ....	351	242	62	22	24	47.9	33.0	8.5	3.1	3.3
Concrete Panels .....................	180	126	Q	8	16	38.4	26.9	6.2	1.8	3.5
Siding or Shingles ...................	85	55	18	10	2	42.7	27.7	9.2	4.9	1.0
Metal Panels ...........................	130	106	7	5	12	32.4	26.3	1.8	1.2	3.0
Window Glass ........................	14	10	2	Q	Q	20.8	13.8	3.6	Q	Q
Other ......................................	35	23	9	2	Q	38.8	26.0	10.0	1.7	Q
No One Major Type .................	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Predominant Roof Material
Built-Up ...................................	743	489	138	47	68	48.8	32.2	9.1	3.1	4.5
Shingles (Not Wood) ..............	310	213	52	29	Q	47.6	32.7	8.0	4.5	Q
Metal Surfacing ......................	194	151	15	14	14	33.6	26.1	2.6	2.4	2.5
Synthetic or Rubber ...............	542	378	96	32	36	45.8	31.9	8.1	2.7	3.1
Slate or Tile .............................	67	41	16	9	Q	42.3	25.7	9.9	6.0	Q
Wooden Materials ...................	21	11	7	Q	(*)	39.8	21.7	Q	Q	0.4
Concrete .................................	24	11	6	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	4.5	Q
Other ......................................	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
No One Major Type .................	16	12	1	Q	Q	43.3	31.8	3.5	Q	Q
Renovations in Buildings
Constructed Before 1980
(more than one may apply)
Any Type of Renovation
Since 1980 ............................	684	474	118	40	52	51.5	35.7	8.9	3.0	3.9
Addition or Annex ...............	304	202	65	13	24	60.4	40.2	12.9	2.6	4.8
Reduction In Floorspace ......	52	34	11	2	4	53.5	35.5	11.7	2.5	3.8
Cosmetic Improvements ......	497	344	84	33	37	49.3	34.1	8.3	3.2	3.7
Wall or Roof Replacement ...	278	197	46	13	22	44.0	31.2	7.3	2.0	3.5
Interior Wall
Re-Configuration ...............	342	243	56	14	28	48.7	34.6	7.9	2.1	4.0
HVAC Equipment Upgrade...	467	316	88	24	39	55.1	37.2	10.4	2.9	4.6
Lighting Upgrade .................	397	286	65	21	25	49.0	35.3	8.0	2.6	3.1
Window Replacement .........	242	179	37	10	16	48.5	35.8	7.4	2.0	3.2
Plumbing System Upgrade ...	287	198	48	17	24	50.2	34.6	8.4	2.9	4.3
Insulation Upgrade ...............	132	95	18	9	9	44.5	32.3	6.1	3.1	3.0
Other Renovation ................	26	16	Q	Q	Q	59.1	35.9	Q	Q	Q
No Renovations Since 1980....	512	379	66	36	31	42.3	31.3	5.4	3.0	2.6
Building Newer than 1980 ......	732	463	149	66	55	40.5	25.6	8.2	3.6	3.0
Energy Sources (more than
one may apply)
Electricity ................................	1,927	1,316	332	142	137	44.3	30.3	7.6	3.3	3.2
Natural Gas ............................	1,928	1,316	332	142	137	44.3	30.3	7.6	3.3	3.2
Fuel Oil ....................................	507	281	145	27	53	48.8	27.1	14.0	2.6	5.1
District Heat ............................	47	24	10	7	6	19.2	9.9	4.1	2.7	2.5
District Chilled Water ..............	35	20	8	Q	Q	19.8	11.5	4.7	Q	Q
Propane ..................................	106	64	27	6	9	43.0	25.9	10.8	2.6	3.8
Other ......................................	47	33	9	2	Q	52.3	36.7	10.0	1.7	Q
Space-Heating Energy Source
Natural Gas ............................	1,803	1,316	270	98	118	48.8	35.6	7.3	2.7	3.2
Natural Gas Main ..................	1,687	1,250	240	86	111	51.2	37.9	7.3	2.6	3.4
Natural Gas Secondary ........	116	66	30	12	8	29.1	16.6	7.5	3.1	1.9
Other Excluding Natural Gas ..	106	(*)	57	38	11	17.7	(*)	9.5	6.4	1.8
Buildings without Heating .......	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Primary Space-Heating
Energy Source
Electricity ................................	177	48	79	36	13	28.6	7.8	12.8	5.9	2.2
Natural Gas ............................	1,687	1,250	240	86	111	51.2	37.9	7.3	2.6	3.4
Fuel Oil ....................................	20	8	3	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	4.9	Q
District Heat ............................	23	Q	6	6	3	10.9	Q	Q	3.0	Q
Propane ..................................	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Other ......................................	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
Cooling Energy Source
Natural Gas ............................	92	38	15	2	37	90.3	37.6	14.8	1.9	36.0
Other Excluding Natural Gas ..	1,729	1,197	305	136	91	43.2	29.9	7.6	3.4	2.3
Buildings without Cooling .......	107	81	12	4	Q	43.7	33.0	5.0	1.6	Q
Water-Heating Energy Source
Natural Gas ............................	1,509	963	332	105	108	52.4	33.4	11.5	3.7	3.7
Other Excluding Natural Gas ..	361	299	(*)	36	26	29.3	24.3	(*)	2.9	2.1
Bldgs without Water Heating ..	57	54	(*)	Q	Q	24.6	23.1	(*)	Q	Q
Cooking Energy Source
Natural Gas ............................	856	422	232	142	61	55.5	27.3	15.0	9.2	3.9
Other Excluding Natural Gas ..	141	107	22	(*)	11	43.7	33.4	6.8	(*)	3.5
Buildings without Cooking ......	931	787	78	(*)	65	37.5	31.7	3.2	(*)	2.6
Energy End Uses (more than
one may apply)
Buildings with Space Heating .	1,909	1,316	328	137	129	44.4	30.6	7.6	3.2	3.0
Buildings with Cooling ............	1,821	1,235	320	138	127	44.4	30.1	7.8	3.4	3.1
Buildings with Water Heating .	1,870	1,262	332	142	134	45.5	30.7	8.1	3.4	3.3
Buildings with Cooking ...........	997	529	254	142	72	53.4	28.4	13.6	7.6	3.9
Buildings with Manufacturing .	100	63	4	Q	30	43.6	27.2	1.9	Q	13.2
Buildings with Electricity
Generation .............................	534	293	141	19	81	51.3	28.2	13.6	1.8	7.8
Percent of Floorspace Heated
Not Heated ..............................	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q	Q
1 to 50 ....................................	97	64	9	9	15	24.3	16.0	2.2	2.3	3.8
51 to 99 ..................................	268	174	47	26	Q	44.9	29.2	8.0	4.3	Q
100 .........................................	1,544	1,077	272	102	94	46.8	32.6	8.2	3.1	2.8
Percent of Floorspace Cooled
Not Cooled ..............................	107	81	12	4	Q	43.7	33.0	5.0	1.6	Q
1 to 50 ....................................	452	371	26	16	38	37.2	30.6	2.2	1.4	3.1
51 to 99 ..................................	451	297	82	40	32	46.4	30.5	8.4	4.1	3.3
100 .........................................	918	567	212	82	57	47.9	29.6	11.1	4.3	3.0
Heating Equipment (more
than one may apply)
Heat Pumps ............................	224	109	75	17	24	40.3	19.7	13.5	3.0	4.2
Packaged Heat Pumps ..........	140	65	51	11	Q	42.0	19.4	15.3	3.2	Q
Split-System Heat Pumps .....	42	24	11	Q	Q	29.0	16.4	7.9	Q	Q
Individual Room Heat Pumps .	84	40	31	6	7	38.1	18.1	14.1	2.7	3.2
Furnaces ................................	673	500	87	50	36	44.0	32.6	5.7	3.3	2.4
Individual Space Heaters ........	379	270	61	16	32	42.3	30.2	6.8	1.8	3.6
District Heat ............................	39	18	10	7	Q	17.1	7.9	4.3	2.8	Q
Boilers ....................................	1,040	709	197	44	89	57.2	39.0	10.8	2.4	4.9
Packaged Heating Units ..........	582	383	115	54	30	42.7	28.1	8.4	4.0	2.2
Other ......................................	47	39	5	2	3	26.3	21.4	2.5	0.9	1.4
Cooling Equipment (more
than one may apply)
Residential-Type Central
Air Conditioners .....................	391	269	57	36	29	49.0	33.7	7.2	4.5	3.7
Heat Pumps ............................	234	119	74	18	24	40.1	20.3	12.7	3.1	4.0
Packaged Heat Pumps ..........	145	71	50	11	Q	43.4	21.3	14.9	3.2	Q
Split-System Heat Pumps .....	45	25	11	Q	Q	29.9	16.8	7.6	Q	Q
Individual Room Heat Pumps .	85	41	31	6	7	35.8	17.3	13.0	2.5	3.0
Individual Air Conditioners ......	410	280	92	16	22	45.0	30.8	10.1	1.8	2.4
District Chilled Water ..............	35	20	8	Q	Q	19.8	11.5	4.7	Q	Q
Central Chillers .......................	501	296	121	18	66	55.0	32.5	13.3	2.0	7.3
Packaged Air Conditioning
Units ......................................	1,090	763	171	88	67	45.8	32.1	7.2	3.7	2.8
Swamp Coolers ......................	81	48	19	7	Q	63.6	38.1	14.7	5.4	Q
Other ......................................	52	33	Q	Q	3	64.8	41.3	Q	2.2	Q
Main Equipment Replaced Since
1990 (more than one may apply)
Heating ...................................	605	427	104	36	38	49.3	34.8	8.5	2.9	3.1
Cooling ....................................	779	528	144	50	56	48.5	32.9	9.0	3.1	3.5
Water Heating Equipment
Centralized System ................	1,226	822	220	106	78	48.4	32.4	8.7	4.2	3.1
Distributed System .................	254	201	20	21	13	33.7	26.6	2.6	2.7	1.7
Combination of Centralized
and Distributed System .........	390	239	92	15	43	47.4	29.1	11.2	1.9	5.2
Energy-Related Space Functions
(more than one may apply)
Commercial Food Preparation..	996	529	254	142	71	53.4	28.4	13.6	7.6	3.8
Activities with Large
Amounts of Hot Water ...........	931	498	254	97	83	58.1	31.1	15.8	6.1	5.1
Separate Computer Area .......	875	589	169	36	81	42.4	28.6	8.2	1.7	3.9
HVAC Conservation Features
(more than one may apply)
Variable Air-Volume System...	710	455	140	40	75	48.6	31.2	9.6	2.7	5.2
Economizer Cycle ...................	805	543	154	39	70	48.3	32.6	9.3	2.3	4.2
HVAC Maintenance ................	1,659	1,114	308	120	117	44.9	30.1	8.3	3.3	3.2
Energy Management and
Control System (EMCS) .........	477	312	93	21	51	41.1	26.9	8.0	1.8	4.4
Equipment Usage Reduced
When Building Not In Full Use
(more than one may apply)
Heating ...................................	1,292	903	200	94	95	41.4	29.0	6.4	3.0	3.1
Cooling ....................................	1,288	882	203	105	98	41.0	28.1	6.4	3.3	3.1
Lighting ...................................	1,250	968	106	100	77	40.2	31.1	3.4	3.2	2.5
Office Equipment ....................	476	380	38	28	30	37.6	30.0	3.0	2.2	2.3
Annual Consumption
(hundred cubic feet)
1,000 or Less .........................	37	30	4	1	Q	8.4	7.0	1.0	0.3	Q
1,001 to 5,000 ........................	249	206	23	16	4	25.6	21.2	2.4	1.6	0.4
5,001 to 10,000 ......................	247	174	34	31	8	39.4	27.7	5.5	5.0	1.2
10,001 to 25,000 ....................	360	239	61	42	18	46.3	30.7	7.8	5.4	2.3
25,001 to 50,000 ....................	293	199	45	26	22	52.9	36.0	8.2	4.7	4.0
50,001 to 100,000 ..................	218	144	40	8	26	54.8	36.3	10.0	2.0	6.5
Over 100,000 .........................	525	324	125	17	59	89.4	55.1	21.3	2.9	10.1
Provider of Natural Gas
(more than one may apply)
Local Utility .............................	1,631	1,120	278	133	99	42.5	29.2	7.2	3.5	2.6
Some Other Provider ..............	389	256	76	13	44	61.0	40.2	11.9	2.0	6.8
See "Guide to the Tables" or "Glossary" for further explanations of the terms used in this table. Both can be accessed from the CBECS web site - http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/. * Figures in this table do not include enclosed malls and strip malls. In the 1999 CBECS, malls represented 3.8 percent of total natural gas consumption. (*)=Value rounds to zero in the units displayed. Q=Data withheld because fewer than 20 buildings were sampled for any cell, or because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent for a cell in the "Total" column.
Notes: ● Due to rounding, data may not sum to totals. ● HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, C, and E of the 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.